Dæmon | chenapan a écrit :
Pour avoir des reflexions genre 1 buche et 2 buches ,
vous lisez ou vous ne lisez pas.
Les forums c'est bien mais là vous exagérez un peu.
Vous vouliez du pro je vous en donne et sous toutes les coutures..
si ca ne vous convient pas tant pis je ne réecris plus 30 fois le même choses.
Je vous fournis de l'officiel et vous vous plaignez.car c'est ca l'officiel, ne me dites pas que ca vous dérange,c'est votre bible
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tu délire méchament la.
nous on te demande des doc pour ettayer ce que tu affirmes.
toi tu nous sors 3 passages tiré d'un rapport... mais ça n'a rien a voir avec la question.
et non, jusque la on en a pas eu des masses de la lecture. chenapan a écrit :
Prxeedings of the CIB-CTBUH International Conference on rail Buildings, 20-23 Octcber 2003, Malaysia
CI8 Publication No: 290
PROCEDURES FOR PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE ANALYSIS
S. MARJANISHVILI
Hinman Consulting Engineers, Inc. San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
Abstract
Following the collapse of the World Trade Center towers in September 2001, there h been heightened interest among building owners and government entities in evaluating the progressive coilapse potential of existing buildings and In designing new buildings ta resist this type of coilapse. Although some technical literature addressing progressive coilapse becarne available after the 1968 Ronan Point collapse in Britain, little research has been done in this area sln the mid 1970s, The General Services Administration and Department of Defense have issued general guidelines for evaluabng a buildings progressive collapse potential. However, littie detailed Information is now available ta enable engineers ta confidently perform a systematic progressive collapse analysis satisfying the requirements of these guidelines. This paper presents four successive and increasingly more sophisticated analysis procedures for evaluating progressive collapse hazard narnely llnear-elastic static, non-linear static, linear-elastic dynamic and non-linear dynamic. The advaritages and disadvantages of each method are also discussed. It is conciuded that the most effective analysis procedure for progressive collapse evaluation incorporates the advantageous parts of ail four procedures by systematicaily applying increasingiy comprehensive analysis procedures ta confirm that the possibiiity 0f progressive coflapse is high. In this way a progressive analysis methodology Is used ta accompiish progressive collapse anaiysis.
Keywords: Progressive collapse analysis, finite element analysis, dynamic analysis, nm-linear anaiysis
1. Introduction
Progressive collapse occurs when relatively local structural damage causes a chain reaction of structural element failures, disproportionate to the initial damage, resulting in partial or full collapse of the stiucture. Local damage that initiates progressive coliapse is called the initiating damage. Progressive collapse is a dynamic event, since it involves vibrations of building elements and results in internai dynamic forces, such as inertia and damping, whose energy may or may flot be absorbed by the structure. Progressive collapse is also inherently a non-linear event in which structural elements are stressed beyond their elastic limit to failure.
From an analyticai point of view, progressive collapse occurs when a sudden local change in building geometry results in dynamic internai forces that exceed the bearing capacities of surrounding elements ieading to their failures, which in turn resuits in transmission of additional internai dynamic forces until the remaining structure stabilizes (absorbs the energy of the vibrations) or coilapses. In general, progressive collapse happens in a matter of seconds.
The best way to mitigate the effects of progressive coilapse is to prevent it aitogether. However, total prevention i.e., reducing the probabiiity of occurrence to zero is flot aiways feasible. Aiternately, proper structural design can greatly reduce the probability of progressive collapse through attention to structurai details and materiai properties. Progressive collapse analysis is performed to evaluate the likeiihood that the initiating damage wouid propagate throughout the structure causing major structural failure and the subsequent loss of life.
j This paper presents a methodology involving four successive and increasingly more sophisticated
analysis procedures for evaluating die progressive coilapse hazard through linear-elastic static, non
linear static iinear-elastic dynamic and non-linear dynamic method. The advantages and disadvantages
of each method are presented and discussed. It is concluded that the most effective analysis
,,procedure for progressive coliapse evaluation incorporates the advantageous parts of aIl four methods
by systematically applying increasingly detaiied and sophisticated analysis procedures to confirm die
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probability of progressive collapse. In this way, a progressive analysis methodology is used to accomplish progressive collapse analysis, validating incremental resuits as the analysis proceeds.
2. Progressive Collapse Phenomena
Private-sector building owners and government entities are increasingly interested in estimating the progressive collapse potential of existing buildings and in designing new buildings to resist this type of collapse. Although some technical literature addressing progressive collapse became available after the 1968 Ronan Point collapse in Britain, littie research has been done in this area since the mid-1970s. ASCE has developed a useful summary of some of the basic concepts of progressive coilapse and its prevention during this time, which has been recently updated [ASCE (2002)]. Some reports produced by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) are also helpful in performing progressive collapse analysis [FEMA-273 and 274 (1997)]. Although FEMAs reports do not directly address this type of analysis, they contain methods that are applicable to progressive collapse. New research efforts being funded by the National Institute of Testing and Standards (NIST) may lead to additional useful information for engineers over the next few years. Some preliminary observations regarding the stateof-the-practice were generated as part of a conference sponsored by NIST in July 2002 [Dusenberry (2002), Krauthammer et al. (2002)1.
Recently, both the General Services Administration (GSA) [GSA, 2000] and Department of Defense (DOD) [DOD, 2002] have issued guidelines for evaluating the progressive coliapse hazard which provide general information about the approach and method of evaluating progressive collapse potential in buildings. However, little detailed information is available to enable engineers to confidently perform a systematic progressive collapse analysis satisfying the requirements of these guidelines. Because of the catastrophic nature 0f progressive collapse and the potentially high cost of retrofltting buildings to resist it, it is imperative that progressive analysis methods be reliable. Engineers, performing these analyses need reliable, validated and concise methodology to produce trustworthy resuits.
In contrast to most dynamic analysis techniques in which a dynamic externai load is applied, in progressive collapse analysis there is no externally applied load. Rather internai dynamic Ioads, such as inertia forces resulting from the sudden removal 0f several elements from an at rest structure, initiate the response. The at rest condition is the state 0f the building just before the initiating damage; it inciudes ail normal service ioads, such as dead and live loads. Therefore, the loading application sequence is the key to accurately capturing the structural response in the analysis. It is approximated as foilows: at first, the building is loaded with dead and live loads (normal service ioads) and then, suddenly, structural bearing elements are removed. This could be represented mathematicaliy as a sudden change in the stiffness matrix of the structure. However, in this paper the rat rest equilibrium 0f the structure is represented by applying the internai reaction forces of the iost element to the supported structure. Initiating damage is simulated by suddenly removing this internai force (reaction) associated with the damaged element. Sudden removal of an element in a structure causes an immediate geometric change in the structure, resuiting in release 0f potentiai energy and rapid alteration of internai dynamic forces, including inertia forces. Usually this energy is confined to the immediate vicinity 0f the damage. Since this behavior is locaiised, care must be exercised when performing dynamic analysis; in particular, ail high modes of vibration should be included when using modal superposition or Ritz vector anaiysis methods. Direct step-by-step integration methods are preferable, since such algorithms account for ail possible vibration modes associated with the given finite element mesh and analysis time step [Wilson (2002), Ciough et ai (1993)]. True structural response to any loading, including internai dynamic loads, is non-iinear, and thus non-linear behavior must be considered whenever feasibie. Structurai stabiiity analysis s required to determine kinematical stability of the damaged structure after the occurrence of the initiating damage, as weIl as after the remaining structure is stabilized and ensures that structure maintains its kinematicai stability during and after the event.
3. Review of Existing Documentations and Guidelines
Two major guidelines are available in the United States; the GSAs Progressive Coliapse Analysis and Design Guidelines [GSA (2000)] and the DODs Minimum Antiterronsm Standards for Buildings [DOD
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(2002)]. Both agencies have made significant efforts to define procedures for progressive collapse analysis. The guidelines are briefly discussed below.
3.1 FEMA
The primary objective of FEMA publications is to develop guidelines for seismic rehabilitation 0f buildings. Although the FEMA 273 and 274 publications [FEMA-273 and 274 (1997)] do flot directly address progressive collapse analysis methods, they provide some comprehensive guidelines for selection of the analysis procedure, which proves to be very useful for an efficient use of engineers resources. Particularly, when it s viable to estimate the structural response using simpler analysis methods, then the simple analysis methods are preferred over complicated analysis methods. Simple analysis methods iriclude two-dimensional and three-dimensional linear-elastic static analysis methods, while complicated analysis procedures include three-dimensional non-linear static or dynamic analysis methods. The two FEMA publications mentioned above clearly outline the applicability boundaries of each analysis procedure.
3.2 GSA Pmgressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines
The main function of the GSA Progressive Collapse Analysis Design Guidelines is to assist in the assessment 0f the risk of progressive collapse in new and existing Fecteral Office Buildings. The document provides concise arid direct guidelines for selection of the analysis procedure and evaluation of the results. Selection of the analysis procedure closely follows the FEMA 273 and 274 publications [FEMA-273 and 274, 1997), with some differences discussed later in the foregoing paragraphs. The GSA Guidelines consider three mettiods of analysis; linear elastic static analysis, linear elastic dynamic analysis, and non-linear dynamic analysis. Both the GSA and FEMA guidelines limit the applicability of linear elastic static analysis procedures, the GSA limits it to buildings with ten above-ground stories and FEMA to buildings no more than 100 feet in height. In addition, the GSA guidelines implicitly restricts the applicability of linear elastic dynamic arialysis to buildings 0f less than ten stories. GSA guideliries also allow, at the discretion of the Engineer of Record, that either the static or dynamic analysis can be performed for buildings taller than ten stories with proper justification and approval. FEMAs guidelines contain no restrictions on linear elastic dynamic analysis.
The GSA Guidelines allow certain structures to be exempted from progressive collapse analysis on the basis of their occupancy and functional use. The Guidelines include a comprehensive flow chart for determining whether a building is exempted. Once it has been determined that the building is not exempt from the progressive collapse analysis, the guidelines mandate series of scenarios as well as loading requirements for die analysis. Loading requiremerits depend on the procedure of analysis used and are summarized below.
For linear elastic static analysis of a structure, GSA mandates die following loading conditions in die downward direction:
Load = 2 (DL + 0.25 LL) Eq. 1
Where: DL = Self weight 0f the structure; Li = Live Ioad 0f the structure;
A dynamic amplification factor of 2 is used to account for deceleration effects.
For linear elastic dynamic and non-linear analysis, GSA mandates the following loading conditions in the downward direction:
Load = DL + 0.25 LL Eq. 2
The performance evaluation criteria for linear elastic analysis procedures are based on demand capacity ratios (DCRs), while for non-linear analysis methods the evaluation criteria are based on plastic hinge rotations and displacement ductility ratios.
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ok so what?
depuis le début tu parles sans apporter d'éléments concret, et quand on te demande une source ou deux pour vérifier tes dires tu nous sors un truc HS...
désolé si ça ne nous conviens pas ---------------
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