La fin du secret bancaire... pousse les Français en Suisse
 
[ 08/09/09  ]
 
Va-t-on assister à une nouvelle version de l'arroseur arrosé ? Le ministre du Budget, Eric Woerth, met la pression sur les Français qui ont placé discrètement une partie de leur fortune sur des comptes bancaires suisses. Il affirme même qu'il possède une liste de 3.000 noms (lire également page 28). Ces fraudeurs présumés sont désormais au pied du mur. Soit ils se dénoncent à la cellule de « dégrisement » mise en place par Bercy et ils régularisent leur situation en réglant leurs arriérés d'impôts augmentés d'une pénalité, soit ils font le gros dos en espérant passer entre les gouttes au risque de se voir traîner en justice s'ils sont découverts. Mais une troisième voie serait explorée par certains Français désireux d'échapper à leur fisc. L'exil en Suisse.
 
« C'est une tendance », affirme l'avocat suisse Dominique Warluzel dans une interview au site swissinfo.ch. Ce spécialiste en optimisation fiscale, ami de diverses célébrités françaises, précise que « ces cas se présentent de plus en plus souvent ». Un mouvement qui ne concernerait pas que les gens du show-biz. « Il s'agit le plus souvent de personnes qui ont leur carrière professionnelle derrière elles et qui préfèrent mettre un terme à leurs activités avec quelques années d'avance et se mettre dans une situation de conformité fiscale », précise M Warluzel. Pour les Français fortunés, il vaut mieux prendre domicile dans la Confédération plutôt que de tomber dans les mailles du fisc de leur pays.
 
En Suisse, la loi sur le secret bancaire reste intacte et le fisc ne peut pas demander des comptes aux banques en cas de simple évasion fiscale. En plus, les étrangers exilés qui n'exercent pas d'activités en Suisse peuvent bénéficier du fameux forfait fiscal helvétique. « C'est la solution idéale qui permet d'échapper aux inspecteurs de l'Hexagone et de payer peu d'impôts en Suisse pour autant que le transfert de résidence soit réel », estime Pierre-Alain Guillaume, avocat fiscaliste à Genève. Ainsi, non seulement la France ne récupérerait pas les impôts des fraudeurs, mais elle verrait en plus d'importants contribuables filer chez son voisin.
 
Pour Berne, cet éventuel afflux de riches étrangers ne compenserait pas les dégâts engendrés par la quasi-disparition du secret bancaire, mais il mettrait du baume au coeur à un pays attaqué de toutes parts.

Le gouverneur de la Banque de France "optimiste" :

Le gouverneur de la Banque de France Christian Noyer s'est déclaré "optimiste" mercredi sur la situation économique de la France, même s'"il faut rester prudent".
 
"C'est la fin de la récession", mais pour "la fin de la crise, j'attends de voir le retournement du marché de l'emploi, et cela peut prendre encore un certain nombre de mois, pour dire qu'on en est sorti", a-t-il expliqué sur Europe-1. "On a des éléments de fragilité, il faut encore faire attention".
 
Le gouverneur de la Banque de France a précisé que, "depuis le printemps, on a des signes positifs, on voit une multiplication de signes meilleurs", comme "le retour de la confiance des ménages, la production industrielle qui s'est retournée, qui a recommencé à monter depuis le mois de mai et la consommation assez solide", a-t-il énuméré.
 
"Cela va plus vite que les prévisions générales, les choses sont reparties", mais "il faut rester très prudent", a avancé Christian Noyer. "Je suis optimiste fondamentalement mais tant que le chômage ne s'est pas inversé (...) les choses restent très fragiles et donc il faut être très vigilant".
 
Quant à la croissance, "on est sur une pente pour l'instant de +0,3% par trimestre, c'est-à-dire un peu plus de 1% par an", a souligné le gouverneur de la Banque de France. "C'est encore faible, c'est encore fragile et c'est pour cela que chez nous, comme dans tous les pays du G20, il faut continuer à soutenir les économies".
 
Mais "les banques centrales sont décidées à continuer leur politique de soutien à l'activité économique pour le moment", a conclu Christian Noyer. AP

Another category of risky loans, Alt-A mortgages, which required little or no documentation of the borrower's financial health, have plunged to $3 billion this year from $400 billion in 2005.

Still, economists concur that a quarter-century of economic growth fueled by cheap credit is over. Many analysts also think that an extended period of slow job growth and suppressed wage growth will keep consumers — and the businesses that sell to them — in the dumps for years.
 
"Those things are likely to be subpar for a long period of time," said Martin Regalia, the chief economist for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. "I think it means that we probably see potential rates of growth that are in the 2-2.5 (percent) range, or maybe . . . 1.8-1.9 (percent)." A growth rate of 3 percent to 3.5 percent is considered average.
 
The unemployment rate rose to 9.7 percent in August and is expected to peak above 10 percent in the months ahead. It's already there in at least 15 states. Regalia thinks that it could be five years before the U.S. economy generates enough jobs to overcome those lost and to employ the new workers entering the labor force.
 
All this is likely to keep consumers on the sidelines.
 
"I think this financial panic and Great Recession is an inflection point for the financial system and the economy," said Mark Zandi, the chief economist for forecaster Moody's Economy.com. "It means much less risk-taking, at least for a number of years to come — a decade or two. That will be evident in less credit and more costly credit. If you are a household or a business, it will cost you more, and it will be more difficult to get that credit."
 
The numbers bear him out. The Fed's most recent release of credit data showed that consumer credit decreased at an annual rate of 5.2 percent from April to June, after falling by a 3.6 percent annual rate from January to March. Revolving lines of credit, which include credit cards, fell by an annualized 8.9 percent in the first quarter, followed by an 8.2 percent drop in the second quarter.
 
That's a sea change. For much of the past two decades, strong U.S. growth has come largely through expanding credit. The global economy fed off this trend.
 
China became a manufacturing hub by selling attractively priced exports to U.S. consumers who were living beyond their means. China's Asian neighbors sent it components for final assembly; Africa and Latin America sold China their raw materials. All fed off U.S. consumers' bottomless appetite for more, bought on credit.
 
"That's over. Consumers can do their part — spend at a rate consistent with their income growth, but not much beyond that," Zandi said.
 
If U.S. consumers no longer drive the global economy, then consumers in big emerging economies such as China and Brazil will have to take up some of the slack. Trade among nations will take on greater importance.
 
In the emerging "new normal," U.S. companies will have to be more competitive. They must sell into big developing markets; yet as the recent Cash for Clunkers effort underscored, the competitive hurdles are high: Foreign-owned automakers, led by Toyota, reaped the most benefit from the U.S. tax breaks for new car purchases, not GM and Chrysler.
 
Need a loan? Tough luck: Many U.S. banks are in no condition to lend. Around 416 banks are now on a "problem list" and at risk of insolvency. Regulators already have shuttered 81 banks and thrifts this year.
 
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. reported on Aug. 27 that rising loan losses are depleting bank capital. The ratio of bank reserves to bad loans was 63.5 percent from April to June, the lowest it's been since the savings-and-loan crisis in 1991.
 
For all that, the U.S. economy does seem to be rising off its sickbed. The latest manufacturing data for August point to a return to growth, and home sales are rising. Indeed, there are many encouraging signs emerging in the global economy.
 
It's all growth from a low starting point, however, and many economists think that there'll be a lower baseline for U.S. and global growth if the new financial order means less risk-taking by lenders and less indebtedness by companies and consumers.
 
That seems evident now in the U.S. personal savings rate. It fell steadily from 9.59 percent in the 1970s to 2.68 percent in the easy-money era from 2000 to 2008; from 2005 to 2007, it averaged 1.83 percent.
 
Today, that trend is in reverse. From April to June, Americans' personal savings rate was 5 percent, and it could go higher if the unemployment rate keeps rising. Almost 15 million Americans are unemployed — and countless others are underemployed or uncertain about their job security, so they're spending less and saving more.
 
A few years ago, banks fell all over themselves to offer cheap home equity loans and lines of consumer credit. No more. Even billions in government bailout dollars to spur lending haven't changed that.
 
"The strategy that was stated at the beginning of the year — which is that you would sustain the banking system in order that it would resume lending — hasn't worked, and it isn't going to work," said James K. Galbraith, an economist at the University of Texas at Austin.

Over the course of 2008, the nation's five largest banks reduced their consumer loans by 79 percent, real estate loans by 66 percent and commercial loans by 19 percent, according to FDIC data. A wide range of credit measures, including recent FDIC data, show that lending remains depressed.
 
Why? The foundation of U.S. credit expansion for the past 20 years is in ruin. Since the 1980s, banks haven't kept loans on their balance sheets; instead, they sold them into a secondary market, where they were pooled for sale to investors as securities. The process, called securitization, fueled a rapid expansion of credit to consumers and businesses. By passing their loans on to investors, banks were freed to lend more.
 
Today, securitization is all but dead. Investors have little appetite for risky securities. Few buyers want a security based on pools of mortgages, car loans, student loans and the like.
 
"The basis of revival of the system along the line of what previously existed doesn't exist. The foundation that was supposed to be there for the revival (of the economy) . . . got washed away," Galbraith said.
 
Unless and until securitization rebounds, it will be hard for banks to resume robust lending because they're stuck with loans on their books.
 
"We've just been scared," said Robert C. Pozen, the chairman of Boston-based MFS Investment Management. He thinks that the freeze in securitization reflects a lack of trust in Wall Street and its products and remains a huge obstacle to the resumption of lending that's vital to an economic recovery.
 
Enter the Federal Reserve. It now props up the secondary market for pooled loans that are vital to the functioning of the U.S. financial system. The Fed is lending money to investors who're willing to buy the safest pools of loans, called asset-backed securities.
 
Through Sept. 3, the Fed had funded purchases of $817.6 billion in mortgage-backed securities. These securities were pooled mostly by mortgage finance giants Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae. In recent months, the Fed also has moved aggressively to lend for purchase of pools of other consumer-based loans.
 
Today, there's little private-sector demand for new loan-based securities; government is virtually the only game in town. That's why on Aug. 17, the Fed announced that it would extend its program to finance the purchase of pools of loans until mid-2010. That suggests there's still a long way to go before a functioning securitization market — the backbone of consumer lending — returns to a semblance of normalcy.

Reduced borrower income and asset documentation (for example, "stated income", "stated assets", "no income verification" )

non mais le prix des maisons vont s'effondrer parce que l'endettement ne peut pas se prolonger, les taux ne peuvent plus vraiment descendre, et les transferts économiques entre génération sont au maximum, les vieux n'ont plus d'aussi bonnes retraites ni d'aussi bon placement financier et les jeunes n'ont plus de boulot suffisament stable pour s'engager à long terme