Charte du Likoud (1999)

La charte du Likoud ne reconnaît pas l'existence d'un État Palestinien. Au contraire, cette charte stipule que les communautés juives de « Judée », de « Samarie » et de Gaza sont une concrétisation des valeurs sionistes ; que l’implantation est l’expression du droit irréfutable du peuple juif à disposer de la terre d’Israël ; et que le Likoud s’attachera à renforcer et à développer ces communautés et s’opposera à leur démantèlement.

D'autre part, la charte du Likoud rejette fermement la création d’un État arabo-palestinien « à l’ouest du Jourdain »26 et précise que les Palestiniens peuvent vivre librement dans un contexte d’autonomie mais pas en tant qu’État indépendant et souverain.

Enfin, la charte affirme que Jérusalem est la capitale « éternelle et indivisible » de l’État d’Israël et seulement de l’État d’Israël, elle rejette fermement toute proposition palestinienne envisageant la division de Jérusalem27.

Keep Gaza starving as a strategy? A few hours ago, Hamas, working with more minor armed factions, launched a few rockets toward the “Gaza Envelope” from Gaza City in the north, triggering a rocket alert in Mefalsim, Israel, with no reported injuries. Hamas also alleges to have fired a volley of short-range artillery rockets at Israeli troops in the Zaytoun area in southeastern Gaza City. Right now, the Israeli military is conducting ferocious saturation bombardment in the vicinity of the Al-Shifa hospital complex. There are reports of IDF armor advancing along with special forces to isolate, cut off, and surround the hospital area (for the third time now), where it is alleged that Hamas is operating and may have carried out the rocket attacks. The area continues to be home to thousands of people who have fled from other parts of northern Gaza and are sheltering near the largely out-of-service hospital that was the scene of intense bombardment and Israeli ground operations in recent months, after which the IDF withdrew its troops from the area.
 
What is noteworthy about the timing of this terrible development is that today saw the first successful and violence-free land-based entry of aid on a few trucks through an Israeli crossing in the north; the food/aid cargo was distributed to civilians who are desperately in need at a UN facility in Gaza City. Local assistance, including from some prominent families and clans, made today's distribution successful. In recent days, however, Hamas has made it clear that it will not tolerate clans or locals supplanting its role and engaging the IDF or UN to provide safety and support for food and aid distribution. What just took place with the rocket attacks that solicited massive and heart-stopping Israeli bombardment and a new incursion is very likely an attempt by Hamas to foment instability that prevents further distribution of aid via truck deliveries. It’s very clear that Hamas is interested in perpetuating the hunger crisis in the north to prevent alternative parties from taking its place and, more importantly, for the group to have the hunger crisis actually devolve into a famine that puts pressure on Israel to stop the war.
 
This is why Hamas has not been happy about food airdrops to deliver aid to starving Gazans. These humanitarian air operations bypass traditional delivery and distribution methods and get food into the hands of people who need it immediately, with lower probabilities of theft and interception. Food airdrops, as inefficient and inadequate as they are, have undermined Hamas’s nefarious and Machiavellian calculus to use hunger and maximum misery of civilians in Gaza as a way of stopping a war that it has largely lost without achieving any of its objectives. This is not to say that land or seaborne deliveries should not take place, far from it — all aid delivery methods must be maximally pursued. However, there must be a realistic and pragmatic understanding of why the security situation will continue to be challenging for a while and that aid and food distribution by land/trucks will face some setbacks. That’s why airdrops can complement other delivery methods and should be doubled and continued indefinitely. What is critical now is to explore the diversification of airdropped food to include more substantial food items beyond MREs (Meals Ready to Eat), such as small flour and rice bags, dried beans/legumes, canned meats/foods, powdered milk, and nutrient-dense bars — as well as hygiene kits and bottled water.
 
Some believe that Israel may be using limits to aid delivery via land as a bargaining tool to pressure Hamas during the ceasefire negotiations. But let there be no doubt: Hamas is counting on hunger as part of its strategy to bring about an end to the war by having images of mass starvation and hunger cause maximum political pressure on Israel. Tragically, the outcome is that hundreds of thousands of civilians in Northern Gaza are pawns in a dirty chessboard and circumstances over which they have no control.

Sur place, des témoins ont confirmé à l’AFP «des opérations aériennes» sur le quartier d’al-Rimal où se trouve l’hôpital, le plus grand de la bande de Gaza, dans lequel seraient tombés des «éclats d’obus». Des habitants de ce quartier central de la ville de Gaza ont affirmé que «plus de 45 chars et véhicules blindés de transport de troupes israéliens» étaient entrés dans al-Rimal.
 
Certains rapportent «des combats» autour de l’hôpital. L’armée israélienne s’adresse par haut-parleurs aux habitants en leur demandant de rester chez eux alors que des «drones tirent sur les personnes dans les rues près de l’hôpital», selon des témoins sur place interrogés par l’AFP.

52. Le 9 octobre 2023, M. Yoav Gallant, ministre israélien de la défense, a annoncé qu’il avait ordonné un « siège complet » de la ville de Gaza, qu’il n’y aurait « pas d’électricité, pas de nourriture, pas d’eau, pas de combustible » et que « tout [étai]t fermé »

4) Par seize voix contre une,
L’État d’Israël doit prendre sans délai des mesures effectives pour permettre la fourniture des services de base et de l’aide humanitaire requis de toute urgence afin de remédier aux difficiles conditions d’existence auxquelles sont soumis les Palestiniens de la bande de Gaza ;
POUR : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président ; MM. Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Mme Xue, MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Mme Charlesworth, M. Brant, juges ; MM. Barak, Moseneke, juges ad hoc ;
CONTRE : Mme Sebutinde, juge ;

As the ongoing conflict in the Gaza Strip enters its 20th week, food and safe water have become incredibly scarce and diseases are rife, compromising women and children’s nutrition and immunity and resulting in a surge of acute malnutrition.
[...]
“The Gaza Strip is poised to witness an explosion in preventable child deaths which would compound the already unbearable level of child deaths in Gaza,” said UNICEF Deputy Executive Director for Humanitarian Action and Supply Operations, Ted Chaiban. “We’ve been warning for weeks that the Gaza Strip is on the brink of a nutrition crisis. If the conflict doesn’t end now, children’s nutrition will continue to plummet, leading to preventable deaths or health issues which will affect the children of Gaza for the rest of their lives and have potential intergenerational consequences.”
 
[...]
Hungry, thirsty and weak, more Gazans are falling sick. The report finds at least 90 per cent of children under 5 are affected by one or more infectious disease. Seventy per cent had diarrhoea in the past two weeks, a 23-fold increase compared with the 2022 baseline.  
 
“Hunger and disease are a deadly combination,” said Dr Mike Ryan, Executive Director of WHO’s Health Emergencies Programme. ”Hungry, weakened and deeply traumatised children are more likely to get sick, and children who are sick, especially with diarrhea, cannot absorb nutrients well. It’s dangerous, and tragic, and happening before our eyes.”

Famine
Définition et critère
 
La famine est le plus souvent définie comme un état de pénurie alimentaire grave s’étendant sur une longue durée et qui conduit à la mort des populations concernées. Cependant, il n’existe pas de définition internationalement acceptée de la famine. C’est pourquoi la simple référence au terme de « famine » entraîne souvent des débats afin de déterminer si la situation en question peut être qualifiée comme telle.
[...]
Par rapport à cela, des efforts ont été faits afin de standardiser et organiser un moyen d’évaluation et de qualification des contextes de pénurie alimentaire (Howe et Devreux). Cela a abouti en février 2004 à la création de la Classification intégrée des phases de la sécurité alimentaire (IPC), un outil de classification des différentes phases de situations de sécurité alimentaire fondé sur les effets, sur les vies et les moyens d’existence. Cet outil a été crée en partenariat par huit agences onusiennes et des ONG internationales (y compris le PAM, la FAO, Care International, et FEWS NET - Famine Early Warning System Network).

Gaza Strip: Acute Food Insecurity Situation for 15 February - 15 March 2024 and Projection for 16 March - 15 July 2024
Famine is imminent as 1.1 million people, half of Gaza, experience catastrophic food insecurity

According to the United Nations World Food Programme, famine is declared when malnutrition is widespread, and when people have started dying of starvation through lack of access to sufficient, nutritious food.[3] The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification criteria define Phase 5 famine of acute food insecurity as occurring when:[4][5]
 
    At least 20% of households in an area face extreme food shortages with a limited ability to cope; and
    The prevalence of acute malnutrition in children exceeds 30%; and
    The death rate exceeds two people per 10,000 people per day.
 
The declaration of a famine carries no binding obligations on the UN or member states, but serves to focus global attention on the problem.[6]

 
The latest evidence confirms that Famine is imminent in the northern governorates of the Gaza Strip and projected to occur anytime between mid-March and May 2024.
 
The IPC acute food insecurity analysis conducted in December 2023 warned of a risk that Famine may occur by the end of May 2024 if an immediate cessation of hostilities and sustained access for the provision of essential supplies and services to the population did not take place.  Since then, the conditions necessary to prevent Famine have not been met.
 
According to the most likely scenario, both North Gaza and Gaza Governorates are classified in IPC Phase 5 (Famine) with reasonable evidence, with 70 percent (around 210,000 people) of the population in IPC Phase 5 (Catastrophe). Continued conflict and the near-complete lack of access to the northern governorates for humanitarian organizations and commercial trucks will likely compound heightened vulnerabilities and extremely limited food availability, access, and utilization, as well as access to healthcare, water, and sanitation.
 
The southern governorates of Deir al-Balah and Khan Younis, and the Governorate of Rafah, are classified in IPC Phase 4 (Emergency). However, in a worst-case scenario, these governorates face a risk of Famine through July 2024.
 
The entire population in the Gaza Strip (2.23 million) is facing high levels of acute food insecurity. This includes half of the population in IPC Phase 5 (Catastrophe), an increase of 530,000 people (92 percent) from the previous analysis.
 
During the projection period (mid-March to mid-July 2024), in the most likely scenario and under the assumption of an escalation of the conflict including a ground offensive in Rafah, half of the population of the Gaza Strip (1.11 million people) is expected to face catastrophic conditions (IPC Phase 5), the most severe level in the IPC Acute Food Insecurity scale.
 
Between the current and the projection period, around 400,000 more people are expected to slide into IPC Phase 5 (Catastrophe). The rest of the population faces Emergency (IPC Phase 4) (854,000 people, 38 percent of the population) or Crisis (IPC Phase 3) (265,000 people, 12 percent of the population).
 
The devastation brought about by the hostilities is indescribable. Widespread, intense, and relentless conflict has forced approximately 1.9 million people to flee, constituting 85 percent of the population in the Gaza Strip, with over 31,000 fatalities and 73,000 injuries reported.
 
The escalation of hostilities has caused widespread damage to assets and infrastructure indispensable to survival. About 50 percent of buildings - and more than 70 percent in the northern governorates - have been damaged or destroyed.
 
Extremely limited humanitarian access to and within the Gaza Strip continues to impede the safe and equitable delivery of life-saving multi-sector humanitarian assistance. This includes severe limitations to the supply of goods as well as basic services.
 
The IPC Famine Review Committee (FRC) was activated for a second time to review analysis conducted by a multi-agency, multi-sectoral analysis team to determine the current and projected food security situation in the Gaza Strip. The first analysis, conducted in December 2023, determined there was a risk of Famine within the projection period of December 2023 to May 2024, and that the risk would increase for each day that the intense conflict and restricted humanitarian access persisted or worsened. The role of the FRC is to assess the plausibility of IPC analyses for classifications in IPC Phase 5 (Catastrophe/Famine).

Some areas are classified in IPC Phase 4 (Emergency) despite the prevalence of households in IPC Phase 5 (Catastrophe) exceeding 20%. Households may be in IPC Phase 5 (Catastrophe), but the area may not be classified as IPC Phase
5 (Famine) if widespread deaths and acute malnutrition have not yet been expressed at the area level.

IPC Phase 4 (Emergency): 55% of households
experiencing Catastrophe (IPC Phase 5) and
45% experiencing Emergency (IPC Phase 4)
levels of acute food insecurity.
 
The findings of the Analysis Team are plausible,
and highlight that:
- Famine thresholds for acute food insecurity have
already been surpassed,
- Famine thresholds for acute malnutrition
(Extremely Critical) are likely to have already been
surpassed,
- It is likely that these extreme levels of
malnutrition have not yet translated into a Crude
Death Rate above 2/10,000/day. The likelihood of
having surpassed U5DR thresholds (4/10,000/day
for children) is higher but impossible to ascertain.