Passenger hand microbiome after a subway ride
 
 We showed that the hands are the primary means of interaction with subway surfaces. Additionally, we observed that the face/head area was the area most commonly touched by users (73%). From this area, the mucosa has a particular health relevance. Interaction with mucosa was relatively high in prevalence (17%, 10-min trip). In contrast to the skin, with a robust mechanical barrier, the mucosa is an exposed area for external agents which are directly in contact with the immune system. Although recognition and protection against environmental agents are continually occurring in this area, the mucosa can also be vulnerable to disruption and microbial colonization. A persistent establishment would imply interactions with the immune system (Edmonds-Wilson et al, 2015), while a transient establishment involves bacterial dispersal to other surfaces.
Bacterial adherence ability plays a vital role in the microbial exchange. It might be influenced by temperature and pressure conditions as well as by the hydrophobic–hydrophilic properties of the interacting surfaces (Liu et al., 2004). These properties may vary by surface characteristics and passenger hand microenvironment (pH, moisture, sebum level). Based on our data, touching escalator handrails is equivalent to shaking the hands of three to four different people.  
 
After a subway trip, the passenger hand microbiome increased in diversity. This increment is consistent with the higher diversity found on subway surfaces, which may be built by the contribution of a high passenger influx and soil presence (Hernández et al., 2019). The hand from one person is a heterogeneous microbial source with high inter-individual variation (Fierer et al., 2008). We also detected commuter variation; only 7% of the genera were shared among passenger hands before traveling. This high inter-variation may be due to intrinsic factors such as age (Flores et al., 2014; Song et al., 2013), sex (Takagi et al., 2019), and extrinsic lifestyle-dependent factors: use of skincare products, pet ownership, allergies, alcohol consumption, time spent outdoors (Ross et al., 2017).

Conclusions
 
We detected the effect of building cohabitation on passengers of the Mexico City subway. Each time a passenger travels in the subway, she or he leaves some bacteria and brings others. Passengers become similar to the subway surfaces, and they are more alike among each other after traveling. Each
passenger´s microbial fingerprint is preserved, mostly explained by high-abundance taxa. Although most bacteria will not persist, traveling in the subway is a way of sharing our microbes.
Poles are the most touched surface in the Mexico City subway. Pole cleaning reduces microbial richness and diversity. However, the amount of UFC is quickly restored within 5 min after pole cleaning. Even so, the microbial composition is not resettled within 48 hours. We think that the lack of restoration of the
initial microbial community is due to the variability of the hosts' microbiomes and the lack of persistence
of rare taxa.

Passenger hand microbiome after a subway ride

We showed that the hands are the primary means of interaction with subway surfaces. Additionally, we observed that the face/head area was the area most commonly touched by users (73%). From this area, the mucosa has a particular health relevance. Interaction with mucosa was relatively high in prevalence (17%, 10-min trip). In contrast to the skin, with a robust mechanical barrier, the mucosa is an exposed area for external agents which are directly in contact with the immune system. Although recognition and protection against environmental agents are continually occurring in this area, the mucosa can also be vulnerable to disruption and microbial colonization. A persistent establishment would imply interactions with the immune system (Edmonds-Wilson et al, 2015), while a transient establishment involves bacterial dispersal to other surfaces.
Bacterial adherence ability plays a vital role in the microbial exchange. It might be influenced by temperature and pressure conditions as well as by the hydrophobic–hydrophilic properties of the interacting surfaces (Liu et al., 2004). These properties may vary by surface characteristics and passenger hand microenvironment (pH, moisture, sebum level). Based on our data, touching escalator handrails is equivalent to shaking the hands of three to four different people.

After a subway trip, the passenger hand microbiome increased in diversity. This increment is consistent with the higher diversity found on subway surfaces, which may be built by the contribution of a high passenger influx and soil presence (Hernández et al., 2019). The hand from one person is a heterogeneous microbial source with high inter-individual variation (Fierer et al., 2008). We also detected commuter variation; only 7% of the genera were shared among passenger hands before traveling. This high inter-variation may be due to intrinsic factors such as age (Flores et al., 2014; Song et al., 2013), sex (Takagi et al., 2019), and extrinsic lifestyle-dependent factors: use of skincare products, pet ownership, allergies, alcohol consumption, time spent outdoors (Ross et al., 2017). La conclusion est encore plus dégueulasse

Ce qui donne une bonne idée de comment les virus, plus petits que les bactéries, sont transmis eux aussi.

Donc contrairement à l'image d’Épinal que certains essaient de faire passer, la transmission dans les EHPAD, elle est surement faite par la voie classique, la transmission par contact et par transfert.
Et donc le scénario, ce n'est pas personnel soignant qui tousse -> résident, via la voie aérienne.
mais ça a plus l'air d'être personnel soignant qui tousse avec masque ou non -> gants ou mains souillés -> patient.

Ce n'est encore une fois pas sans raison, qu'on conseille en premier lieu aux gens de se laver les mains régulièrement.

The extraordinary power of this passive immunization has traditionally been challenging to harness, primarily due to the difficulty of obtaining significant amounts of plasma from survivors. Due to scarce quantities, infusions of plasma pooled from volunteers were reserved for those most vulnerable to infection.