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 Mot :   Pseudo :  
 
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Auteur Sujet :

Conseils pour Home cinema svp...

n°58058
MEGABUG
FLOODEUR A LA RETRAITE:D
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:25:29  profilanswer
 

Reprise du message précédent :
DDDDDDDDDAAAAAAAAAAA      FLOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOODDDDD!!!!!!!!!!!!D
 
YAAAAAAAIIIIISSSSSSSSSEEEEEEEEEEE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

mood
Publicité
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:25:29  profilanswer
 

n°58059
Babouchka
You're no fun anymore
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:25:34  profilanswer
 

BABY FLOOD ME ONE MORE TIME !
 
A+

n°58060
CHubaca
Couillon
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:25:51  profilanswer
 

JOW > TU FAIT RAMER LE FLOOD  :fou:

n°58061
supermec75
loading |||||... 60% done
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:26:11  profilanswer
 

ALORS J'PEUT MOI AUSSI ,HEIN, DIT MONSIEUR

n°58062
CHubaca
Couillon
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:26:14  profilanswer
 

BOUM ?

n°58063
CHubaca
Couillon
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:26:36  profilanswer
 

BOUM ?

n°58064
supermec75
loading |||||... 60% done
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:26:39  profilanswer
 

BANG BANG T'ES MORT  :D

n°58065
CHubaca
Couillon
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:26:52  profilanswer
 

BOUM ?

n°58066
Babouchka
You're no fun anymore
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:27:01  profilanswer
 

ELLES SONT CUITAS
LES BANANAS
 
DECOUPEES EN DOS
LES PATATOS !
 
:lol:
 
A+

n°58067
CHubaca
Couillon
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:27:03  profilanswer
 

BOUM  ?

mood
Publicité
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:27:03  profilanswer
 

n°58068
Babouchka
You're no fun anymore
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:27:04  profilanswer
 

ELLES SONT CUITAS
LES BANANAS
 
DECOUPEES EN DOS
LES PATATOS !
 
:lol:
 
A+

n°58069
MEGABUG
FLOODEUR A LA RETRAITE:D
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:27:08  profilanswer
 

A  LANCIENNE SA RACE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
 
:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D:D
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:D
:p
 
MEGABUG ©

n°58070
CHubaca
Couillon
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:27:16  profilanswer
 

BAM ?

n°58071
Pioupiou
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:27:22  profilanswer
 

DITES JE PEUX ? EH M'SIEUR, JE PEUX ??? :lol: :lol: :lol: !!!

n°58072
joce
Architecte / Développeur principal
"BugHunter"
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:27:29  profilanswer
 

GOUZIGOUZIGOUZI, le monsieur y veut jouer avec moi, laissez le moi :D
OUI JE SUIS LE JUSTICIER DU FORUM, ON M'APPELLE ZORRO :D

n°58073
jivede
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:27:32  profilanswer
 

http://www.club-internet.fr/perso/jivede/ae.JPG

n°58074
CHubaca
Couillon
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:27:59  profilanswer
 

y m'a fait peur le monsieur

n°58076
supermec75
loading |||||... 60% done
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:28:12  profilanswer
 

PAN PAN BANG PFIOUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU PAF

n°58078
jivede
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:28:46  profilanswer
 

http://www.club-internet.fr/perso/jivede/af.JPG

n°58079
supermec75
loading |||||... 60% done
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:28:47  profilanswer
 

CAI MALIN MAINTENANT MOI J'VAIT FAIRE DES CAUCHEMARD  :cry:  :cry:

n°58080
Eniac
Da Mourfis' King
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:28:49  profilanswer
 

STTTTTTTTTTTTTOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP[#FF0055]
 
mi temps de deux secondes que j'enlève ma propre notification :(
 
quel con je fait :)


---------------
If you really want something, all the Universe conspires in helping you to achieve it.
n°58081
Babouchka
You're no fun anymore
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:28:55  profilanswer
 

http://www.cusd.claremont.edu/~mrosenbl/spamcrate.gif
 
 
 
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z0uZ Un 4UtR3 4N9L3, L3Z Zp4mM3Rz m3tT3Nt 3N 3v1d3nC3 l4 F4C1L1T3 d3 ZuPpR3Zz10N Du c0uRr13R 3l3cTr0n1qU3 3T L4 c4p4c1t3 D'19N0R3R L3Z M3Zz493z uZ3N3T 1n1nT3R3Zz4nT7. L3 zP4Mm1n9 Z3R41t p4r 41lL3UrZ Un m0y3n 3C0L091Qu3 D3 f41R3 d3 L4 pUbL1C1T38.  
 
T0Ut3f01Z, c3rT41nZ Zp4mM3Rz n3 Z'3x3cUt3nT P4Z Z3Ul3m3nT D4Nz uN 0bJ3Ct1f d3 Pr0m0t10N M41z 394L3M3Nt p0uR D3F3NdR3 l4 C4Uz3 Du zP4Mm1n9 3t m3m3, 0Bt3n1r uN3 c3rT41n3 N0T0R13t39. 4 C3T 394rD, pLuZ13uRz zP4Mm3rZ F0Nt l'0Bj3t d3 L393Nd3z10. 0n r4c0nT3 n0t4mM3Nt qU3 l3z pR3M13rZ Zp4mM3Rz fUr3nT L3Z 4v0c4tZ L4Ur3nC3 c4nT3R 3t m4rTh4 Z1393l11. L3 m3zZ493 qU'1lZ 3xP3D1413nT 4 Un3 MuLt1tUd3 D3 9R0Up3z d3 D1ZcUzZ10n c0nZ1Zt41T 4 0fFr1r d3z z3rV1C3Z JuR1D1Qu3z p0uR 0bT3N1R L4 c4rT3 v3rT3 4M3R1C41n312. l3 Fl4mB34u dU Zp4mM1N9 4 p4r l4 Zu1t3 3t3 Tr4nZm1z 4 l4 C0Mp49N13 CyB3RpR0M0T10n. D'4b0rD C0NnU3 z0uZ L3 n0m d3 Pr0m0 3nT3RpR1Z3Z L0RzQu'3Ll3 3xP3D141T D3Z PuBl1c1t3z p4r t3l3c0p13Ur13, CyB3RpR0M0T10n 3Zt m41Nt3n4nT C0Nz1d3r33 c0mM3 l3 PlUz 1Mp0rT4Nt 4BuZ3Ur dU R3Z34u 1Nt3rN3T14.D3Br4nCh33 4 pLuZ13uRz r3pR1Z3Z P4R Z3Z F0UrN1Zz3uRz d'4Cc3z 1Nt3rN3T Zu1t3 4uX Pl41Nt3z d'uZ493Rz, CyB3RpR0M0T10n 4 cR33 Z0N Pr0pR3 f0uRn1zZ3Ur dU N0M D'1zP4M P0Ur l3qU3L L4 c0mP4N13 H0Rm3l l4 P0UrZu1t15. 3nF1N, cYb3rPr0m0t10N 3zT M3MbR3 dU C0N9L0M3R4T D3Z Zp4mM3Rz, L'1nT3Rn3t3-M41l m4rK3T1N9 c0uNc1l16, Qu1 F4V0R1Z3 d3z pR4T1Qu3z r3zP0Nz4bL3Z D3 l4 Pr0m0t10N P4R C0UrR13r 3L3CtR0N1Qu317.  
 
Z1 l4 PuBl1c1t3 3zT 93N3R4L3M3Nt 4Cc3pT33 D4Nz n0z z0c13T3Z, l4 F0Rm3 Qu'3Ll3 Pr3nD ZuR 1nT3Rn3t 3Zt c3p3nD4Nt zUzC3Pt1bL3 d'3Tr3 C0Nz1d3r33 4BuZ1V3.    
 
2. uN M0Y3N 4bUz1f  
 
L3 zP4Mm1n9 4 3t3 Qu4l1f13 d'4BuZ Du r3z34U 3t n0n d'4BuZ ZuR L3 r3z34U18. 3N 3fF3T, 0N P3Rç01T 93N3R4L3M3Nt l3 Zp4mM1N9 c0mM3 uN C0Mp0rT3M3Nt nU1Z1Bl3 4u b0n f0nCt10Nn3m3nT D'1nT3Rn3t. C3P3Nd4nT, n0uZ C0NzT4T3R0Nz qU3 l3 Zp4mM1N9 3Zt 394L3M3Nt 4Cc0mP493 d3 M3Th0d3z z0uRn01Z3Z 3t qU3 l3 C0Nt3nU D3Z M3Zz493z 3Xp3d13Z 3zT Z0Uv3nT D0Ut3uX. 4 c3 T1Tr3, l3 Zp4mM1N9 c0nZt1tU3 394L3M3Nt d3z 4BuZ ZuR L3 r3z34U.  
 
2.1 D3Z 4bUz dU R3Z34u  
 
L3 c4r4cT3R3 4BuZ1F Du zP4Mm1n9 4 L'394rD Du b0n f0nCt10Nn3m3nT D'1nT3Rn3t z3 JuZt1f13 p4r l4 N4TuR3 v0lUm1n3uZ3 d3z m3zZ493Z 3xP3D13z. L'3zP4C3 c0nZ1D3R4Bl3 Qu3 Pr3nN3Nt l3z zP4Mz zUr l3 R3Z34u 3Mp0rT3 d3z 3Ff3tZ 3v1d3nTz zUr l'3Ff1c4c1t3 D'1nT3Rn3t 3T ZuR L3Z C0ÛtZ 4zZ0C13z 4 z0n f0nCt10Nn3m3nT.  
 
2.1.1 L4 n4tUr3 Du zP4Mm1n9  
 
tH3 d3f1n1n9 Ch4r4cT3R1Zt1c 0F Zp4m 1Z V0LuM3, 4nD V0LuM3 0NlY. tH3 c0nT3Nt 1Z 1rR3L3V4Nt19.  
 
tH3 t3rM Zp4m [...] m34Nz tH3 z4m3 4rT1Cl3 P0Zt3d 4N Un4cC3Pt4bLy h19H NuMb3r 0F T1M3Z T0 0N3 0R M0R3 n3wZ9R0UpZ. c0nT3Nt 1Z 1rR3L3V4Nt. Zp4m d03Zn't m34N 4dZ. 1T D03zN'T M34n 4BuZ3. 1t d03Zn't m34N P0ZtZ Wh0z3 C0Nt3nT 1 0bJ3Ct t020.  
 
B13n qU3 l3 T3Rm3 Zp4mM1N9 d3f1n1t 394L3M3Nt l3 C0UrR13r 3L3CtR0N1Qu3 N0N Z0Ll1c1t3 3t d'4UtR3Z 4bUz d'1Nt3rN3T, 1L C0Nc3rN3 d'4B0Rd l'3Xc3zZ1V3 mUlT1-p0zT1N9 qU1 c0nZt1tU3 l'4BuZ L3 pLuZ R3Pr3h3nZ1Bl3 ZuR L4 r3zZ0UrC3 t3l3m4t1qU3 uZ3N3T. z3uL L3 cR1T3R3 dU V0LuM3 p3rM3T D'1d3nT1F13r uN Zp4m d'uN M3Zz493 0rD1N41r3. 4 c3t 3Ff3t, L'3mP D01t 3Tr3 D1Zt1n9u3d3 L'3xC3Zz1v3 Cr0zZ-P0Zt1n9 (3Cp). c3tT3 d3rN13r3 M3Th0d3, 394L3M3Nt 4Pp3l33 v3lV33t421, f41T R3F3R3Nc3 4 L'3nV01 D'Un z3uL M3Zz493 4 PlUz13UrZ 9r0uP3Z D3 d1zCuZz10N P4R L'3mPl01 d3 L4 f0nCt10N C0P13 C0Nf0rM3 (Cc) 0u d3 L4 f0nCt10N C0P13 C0Nf0rM3 1Nv1z1bL3 (BcC) d'uN L091C13l d3 C0UrR13r 3L3CtR0N1Qu322.Un zP4M 3fF3CtU3 d3 C3Tt3 M4N13r3 3zT D0Nc m01Nz v0lUm1n3uX Qu'uN M3Zz493 3xP3D13 P0Ur cH4Qu3 9r0uP3 d3 D1ZcUzZ10n v1z3(3mP)23.  
 
pU1ZqU3 l'3L3M3Nt-cL3F D3 l4 D3T3Rm1n4t10N D'Un zP4M ZuR L3Z 9r0uP3Z D3 d1zCuZz10N N'3zT P4Z L4 p3rT1N3Nc3 Du m3zZ493, 0n p3uT 0bJ3Ct1v3m3nT 4pPr3c13R Z1 uN M3Zz493 C0NzT1Tu3 Un zP4M 3n d3n0mBr4nT L3Z F01z qU'1l 4Pp4r4îT. c3p3nD4Nt, 1l p3uT 3tR3 d1fF1C1L3 d3 M3ZuR3R C3 n0mBr3 L0RzQu3 L3 m3zZ493 3N Qu3zT10n 3Zt 3Xp3d13 4 pLuZ13uRz 4UtR3Z 9r0uP3Z D3 d1zCuZz10N. 4 c3tT3 f1n, L3 m0t3uR D3 r3cH3RcH3 d3j4 N3Wz p3rM3T D3 c0nN4ÎtR3 l3 N0MbR3 d3 F01z qU'Un m3zZ493 1D3Nt1qU3 4 3T3 3Nv0y324.D3 f4ç0n 93n3r4l3, 0N C0Nz1d3r3 Un m3zZ493 c0mM3 uN Zp4m l0rZqU'1l 4 3T3 3Xp3d13 pLuZd3 20 f01Z25.  
 
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Z3L0N C3Tt3 F0RmUl3, l0rZqU'Un m3zZ493 4Tt31Nt uN 1nD1C3 bR31dB4Rt d3 20, 1l z'491T N3C3Zz41R3M3Nt d'uN Zp4m29. B13n qU3 l3 Br31Db4rT 1nD3X 41T L'4v4nT493 d'3Tr3 0bJ3Ct1f, L3 zYzT3M3 qU'1l pR0P0Z3 n'3Zt p4z t0uJ0UrZ C0NcLu4nT: 0N N3 p0uRr41T Qu4l1f13R Un m3zZ493 d3 Zp4m 4L0Rz qU'1l 4Pp4r4îT 19 f01Z D4Nz uN Z3Ul 9R0Up3 D3 d1zCuZz10N! 4U ZuRpLuZ, c3rT41nZ Ut1l1z4t3uRz z0nT D'4v1z qU'1l f4uT Un 1Nd1c3 D3 20 4 L'3cH3Ll3 Br31Db4rT P3Nd4nT 45 j0uRz p0uRqU'Un m3zZ493 z01T C0Nz1d3r3 C0Mm3 Un zP4M30.  
 
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qU'1l z'491Zz3 D3 zP4Mm1n9 P4R C0UrR13r 3L3CtR0N1Qu3 0u zUr l3z 9R0Up3z d3 D1ZcUzZ10n, 1l n'3N D3M3Ur3 P4Z M01nZ Qu3 L3 zP4Mm1n9 4fF3Ct3 L3 b0n f0nCt10Nn3m3nT Du r3z34U 1nT3Rn3t 3T Z3Z C0ÛtZ D'0p3r4t10N.  
 
2.1.2 L3Z 3fF3Tz dU Zp4mM1N9  
 
L'4r9uM3Nt c0uR4Mm3nT 1nV0Qu3 P4R L3Z 4nT1-zP4Mm3rZ 3zT L'3zP4C3 qU3 d3v0r3 L3 zP4Mm1n9 ZuR L3 r3z34U 1nT3Rn3t. L4 qU4Nt1t3 D3 zP4Mz 3Xp3d13Z R3Nd l3z tR4NzM1Zz10Nz 1Nt3rN3T M01nZ R4P1D3Z 3t c0nTr1bU3 d3 B34uC0Up 4U Tr4f1c zUr l3 R3Z34u. L'3x3mPl3 L3 pLuZ Pr0b4nT 3zT C3Lu1 D3Z Zp4mZ Qu'0Nt 3Xp3d13Z L3Z ZyMp4t1z4nTz d3 L'39L1Z3 d3 Zc13Nt0l0913 zUr l3 9r0uP3 d3 D1ZcUzZ10n 4Lt.r3l1910N.Zc13Nt0l09Y31. 0N R4C0Nt3 Qu'1Lz y 0Nt 3Nv0y3 1200 zP4Mz 3N 15 j0uRz, C3 qU1 3Qu1v4l41T 4 50 m3940Ct3tZ32.D3 z0n cÔt3, l3 F0UrN1Zz3uR D'4cC3Z 1nT3Rn3t 40l 4Ff1rM3 r3c3v01R 1.8 M1Ll10N D3 zP4Mz d3 CyB3RpR0M0T10n p4r j0uR33.  
 
3n pLuZ D3 d1m1nU3R L4 v1t3zZ3 d3 Tr4nZm1zZ10n d3z c0mMuN1C4T10nZ 1nT3Rn3t, L3 zP4Mm1n9 P3Rv3rT1T L4 p0zZ1B1L1T3 4Ux 4Dm1n1zTr4t3uRz d3 B13n 93r3r l3uRz zYzT3M3Z 3t d3r0b3 4uX Ut1l1z4t3uRz l'uT1L1T3 d3z 9R0Up3z d3 D1ZcUzZ10n 3N L3Z ZuBm3r934nT D3 b4rR493Z PuBl1c1t41R3Z34. l3 Zp4mM1N9 3X3Rc3 ZuR D3Z L1Zt3z d3 D1ZtR1BuT10n m0d3r33Z R3Nd 394L3M3Nt l4 TâCh3 PlUz d1fF1C1L3 p0uR L3Z 4dM1N1ZtR4T3UrZ Qu1 4zZuR3Nt l3uR 93Zt10N35.  
 
L3Z C0ÛtZ 4zZ0C13z 4Ux 3Ff3tZ Du zP4Mm1n9 ZuR L3 f0nCt10Nn3m3nT Du r3z34U Z0Nt t0uT 4uZz1 R3V3L4T3UrZ Du c4r4cT3R3 4BuZ1F Du zP4Mm1n9. m. B4RrY D. b0w3n r3zUm3 41Nz1 L3Z C0ÛtZ Du zP4Mm1n9 P0Ur l3z f0uRn1zZ3UrZ D'4cC3Z 1nT3Rn3t (F41) 3T L3UrZ Ut1l1z4t3uRz:  
 
p0uR L3Z F41:  
 
C0ÛtZ 4dD1T10nN3Lz p0uR L'4u9m3nT4T10n d3 L4 l4r93Ur d3 B4Nd3 4f1n d3 C0NtR3R L'4u9m3nT4T10n dU Tr4f1c zUr 1Nt3rN3T;    
c0ûTz 4Dd1t10Nn3lZ P0Ur l'4Ch4t 3T L4 93zT10n d'0Rd1n4t3uRz zUpPl3m3nT41r3z 4F1N D'4zZuR3R L4 z3cUr1t3 3t l'1Nt39R1T3 d3zF41 Z0Uv3nT M3N4C3Z P4R L3Z Zp4mM3Rz;    
C0ÛtZ 4dD1T10nN3Lz p0uR L'4cH4T D3 m3m01R3 zUpPl3m3nT41r3 4f1n d'3NtR3P0Z3R L3Z M3Zz493z 4Dd1t10Nn3lZ Qu3 C0NzT1Tu3nT L3Z Zp4mZ;  
P3Rz0nN3L 4dD1T10nN3L P0Ur 93r3r l3z pR0Bl3m3z t3cHn1qU3Z L13z 4U Zp4mM1N9 3T R3P0NdR3 4Ux pL41nT3Z D3Z V1Ct1m3z dU Zp4mM1N9.  
p0uR L3Z Ut1l1z4t3uRz:  
 
c0ûTz 4Dd1t10Nn3lZ P0Ur l3 T3MpZ D3 cH4R93m3nT;    
c0ûTz 4Dd1t10Nn3lZ P0Ur l3z uZ493Rz qU1 uT1L1Z3Nt uN3 c0mMuN1C4T10n 1Nt3rUrB41n3;    
b41Zz3 D3 pR0DuCt1v1t3 L133 4U T3MpZ P4Zz3 4 F1LtR3R L3Z Zp4mZ, 4 z3 Pl41NdR3 3T 4 Z3 d3z4b0nN3R4 d3z l1zT3Z D3 d1zTr1bUt10N C0Mm3rC14l3z36.  
3V1D3Mm3nT, t0uZ L3Z C0ÛtZ ZuPpL3M3Nt41R3Z D3Z F41 Z3R0Nt f1n4l3m3nT ZuPp0rT3Z P4R L3Z Ut1l1z4t3uRz qU1 v3rR0Nt 4U9M3Nt3r l3uRz t4r1fZ D'4b0nN3M3Nt37. C'3zT D1R3 qU3 l3z uT1L1Z4T3UrZ D3B0UrZ3Nt p0uR R3C3V01r d3 L4 pUb1c1t3, qU3 c3 Z01t zUr uZ3N3T 0u p4r c0uRr13R 3l3cTr0n1qU3, Qu'1Lz c0nZ1D3R3Nt p0uRt4nT 1nD3Z1R4Bl3 3t qU'1lZ N'0nT D'41Ll3uRz p4z z0lL1C1T3338. c3tT3 z1tU4T10n r3zZ3MbL3 3Tr4n93M3Nt 4 l4 T3L3C0P13 C0Mm3rC14l3 Qu1 4 3t3 1nT3Rd1t3 D4Nz pLuZ13uRz p4yZ P4Rc3 Qu3 L3Z C0ÛtZ Pr0m0t10Nn3lZ D3Z 3nTr3pR1Z3Z 3t413nT ZuPp0rT3Z P4R L3Z D3Zt1n4t41R3Z.  
 
B13n qU3 n0uZ 4y0nZ R3M4RqU3 qU3 l3 Cr1t3r3 Du v0lUm3 N'3t41T P4Z T0Uj0uRz 3Ff1c4c3 P0Ur d3t3rM1N3R L4 n4tUr3 4bUz1v3 D'Un m3zZ493, N0Uz p0uV0Nz c0nClUr3 Qu3 C'3zT JuZt3m3nT C3 cR1T3R3 qU1 1Mp0rT3 l0rZqU3 n0uZ 0bZ3Rv0nZ L3Z 3fF3Tz 4BuZ1Fz dU Zp4mM1N9 4 l'394Rd dU B0N F0NcT10nN3M3Nt d'1Nt3rN3T. c3p3nD4Nt, 1l f4uT C0NzT4T3R Qu3 L3Z M3Th0d3z qU'3mPl013nT L3Z Zp4mM3Rz 41nZ1 qU3 l3z z3rV1C3Z Qu'1Lz 0FfR3Nt p3rM3Tt3nT D'4fF1Rm3r qU3 l3 Zp4mM1N9 3Zt 394L3M3Nt uN 4bUz zUr l3 R3Z34u.    
 
2.2 D3Z 4bUz zUr l3 R3Z34u  
 
0n p3uT D3F1N1R L3Z 4bUz zUr l3 R3Z34u 1Nt3rN3T C0Mm3 D3Z 4cT3Z ZuZc3pT1Bl3z d'3Tr3 C0Nz1d3r3z 1Ll394uX Z'1lZ 3t413nT 4cC0MpL1Z D4Nz uN 3nV1R0Nn3m3nT 4uTr3 Qu'1Nt3rN3T. c3c1 D1T, 1L N3 f4uT P4Z C0MpR3NdR3 d3 C3Tt3 D3Rn13R3 4Ff1rM4T10n qU'1nT3Rn3t 3Zt uN3 t3rR3 z4nZ L01 M41z pLuTôT Qu3 L4 qU4L1F1C4T10n jUr1d1qU3 d3z c0mMuN1C4T10nZ 1nT3Rn3t, P4R L3Ur c4r4cT3R3 tR4NzN4T10n4l 3T L3Ur c0mPl3x1t3, 3Zt z0uV3Nt pLuZ D1Ff1c1l3. t0uT3F01z, N0Uz p0uV0Nz c3rT41n3m3nT 4pPr3c13R L3 c4r4cT3R3 4BuZ1F Du c0nT3Nu d3z zP4Mz 3T D3Z M3Th0d3z 3MpL0Y33z p4r l3z zP4Mm3rZ P0Ur 0Bt3n1r l3z c00Rd0nN33z d3 L3UrZ D3Zt1n4t41R3Z.    
 
2.2.1. D3Z M3Zz493z1nD3Z1R4Bl3z  
 
M. z. Mu3lL3R N0Uz 3Xp0z3 Qu3 L3Z Zp4mZ Z0Nt 93n3r4l3m3nT D3Z PuBl1c1t3z c0mM3Rc14L3Z 4uX Pr0dU1Tz 4Mb19Üz 3T 4uX Z3Rv1c3z 4 l4 L1M1T3 d3 L4 l394l1t3. p4r 3X3MpL3Z, l3z zP4Mz z0nT Z0Uv3nT, z3l0n lU1, D3Z PuBl1c1t3z pR0P0Z4Nt d3z cUr3z m1r4cL3Z 0u d3z z0lUt10Nz p0uR D3V3N1R R1Ch3 R4P1D3M3Nt (M4K3 m0n3y f4zT)39. 1l 4Rr1v3 394l3m3nT Qu3 L3Z Zp4mZ Z013Nt d3z l3tTr3z 4 l4 Ch4îN3 0U D3Z V3Nt3z pYr4m1d4l3z40. 4 C3 t1tR3, C3Z M3Zz493z c0nZt1tU3Nt d3z 4Ct3z 1Ll394uX Qu3 N0Uz p0uV0Nz r3p0rT3R 4uX Z3Rv1c3z p0l1c13Rz t4nT 4u c4n4d4 Qu'4Ux 3T4Tz-uN1Z41.  
 
L3Z Zp4mZ N3 z0nT P4Z T0Uj0uRz d3z pUbL1C1T3Z Fr4uDuL3Uz3z 0U 1lL394L3Z B13n qU'0n pL41d3 Z4Nz 4Mb493 Qu'1Lz z0nT R4R3M3Nt pLuZ Qu3 D3Z PuBl1c1t3z m3d10Cr3z, D3C3V4Nt3z 3T Z4Nz 1Nt3r3t. C3P3Nd4nT, c0mM3 n0uZ L'4v0nZ D3J4 r3m4rQu3, l3z zP4Mm3rZ N'0nT P4Z T0Uz d3 M4Uv41Z3Z 1nT3Nt10Nz. 1l z3r41T Tr0p 0Pp0rTuN D3 qU4L1F13r uN M3Zz493 Un t4nT1N3T C0Mm3rC14l d3 C0Nt3nU 4bUz1f. L3 d3b4t d01T PlUtÔt p0rT3R ZuR L3 c4r4cT3R3 3C0N0M1Qu3 Du zP4Mm1n9 3t 394L3M3Nt zUr l3z m3tH0D3Z 3mPl0y33Z P4R L3Z Zp4mM3Rz p0uR 0bT3N1R L3Z 4dR3Zz3z 3L3CtR0N1Qu3z d3 L3UrZ D3Zt1n4t41R3Z.  
 
2.2.2. d3z m3tH0D3Zz0uRn01Z3Z  
 
z'1L 3zT F4C1L3 d'0Bt3n1r l4 L1Zt3 D3Z 9r0uP3Z D3 d1zCuZz10N Uz3n3t, L4 r3cH3RcH3 d'4Dr3zZ3Z 3l3cTr0n1qU3Z Z'4v3r3 M01nZ 3v1d3nT3. P4R 41Ll3uRz, L3Z M3Th0d3z 3MpL0Y33z p4r l3z zP4Mm3rZ 4 C3Tt3 F1N D3B0UcH3Nt zUr uN R33l m4rCh3 D'4dR3Zz3z d3 C0UrR13rZ 3l3cTr0n1qU3Z. p4r 3X3MpL3, 2 M1Ll10Nz d'4Dr3zZ3Z 3l3cTr0n1qU3Z P3Uv3nT Z3 v3nDr3 4 99 d0lL4RdZ 4m3r1c41Nz 3T 100 M1Ll3z 4Dr3zZ3Z D'4b0nN3Z D'40L, 4 100 d0lL4RdZ 4m3r1c41Nz42. L3Z Zp4mM3Rz d01V3Nt c3p3nD4Nt uZ3R D3 mUlT1Pl3z pR0C3D3Z P0Ur 0Bt3n1r l'34u d3 L3Ur m0uL1N.  
 
L4 m3tH0D3 c0uR4Nt3 C0Nz1zT3 4 c0lL3Ct3r 4Ut0m4t1qU3M3Nt l3z 4Dr3zZ3Z 3l3cTr0n1qU3Z L41zZ33z p4r l3z uT1L1Z4T3UrZzUr l3z 9R0Up3z d3 D1ZcUzZ10n 3T L3UrZ P493Z W3B43. 4 c3tT3 f1n, 1l 3X1Zt3 PlUz13UrZ L091C13lZ T3L Qu3 L3 w3bC0Ll3cT0R44. d4nZ L4 m3m3 V31n3, c3rT41nZ L091C13lZ P3Rm3tT3Nt l'1NzCr1pT10n 4 uN M4X1MuM D3 l1zT3Z D3 d1zTr1bUt10N D4Nz l3 BuT D3 r3cUp3r3r l3z 4Dr3zZ3Z 3l3cTr0n1qU3Z D3 l3uRz m3mBr3z45.  
 
l3z 4UtR3Z M3Th0d3z 0Nt uN C4R4Ct3r3 B34uC0Up pLuZ 4bUz1f 3T Z3 r3v3l3nT Z0Uv3nT Fr4uDuL3Uz3z. P4R 3x3mPl3, c3rT41nZ Zp4mM3Rz 3L4B0R3Nt d3z p493z w3bZ ZuR L3ZqU3Ll3z 1Lz pR0P0Z3Nt 4Ux v1z1t3uRz d3 P4Rt1c1p3r 4 uN C0Nc0uRz p4r c0uRr13R 3l3cTr0n1qU3. L3 c0nC0UrZ Z3 r3v3l3 3v1d3mM3Nt f4uX 3t l3z zP4Mm3rZ D1Zp4r41Zz3nT 4v3c l3z c00Rd0nN33z d3z p4rT1C1P4NtZ46. d'4UtR3Z V0Nt m3m3 JuZqU'4 Z3 f41R3 p4zZ3R P0Ur d3z cHôM3UrZ 3n qU3T3 d3 Tr4v41L ZuR D3Z Z1T3Z C0Nz4cR3Z 4 L4 r3cH3RcH3 d'3MpL0147. l0rZqU'1lZ R3Ç01v3nT Un3 0fFr3 D3 tR4V41l p4r c0uRr13R3L3CtR0N1Qu3, 1Lz n0t3nT L3Z 4dR3Zz3z d3z 4UtR3Z C4Nd1d4tZ 1nZcR1Tz d4nZ L'3n-t3t3 Du m3zZ493 3T L3Ur 3Xp3d13Nt d3z pUbL1C1T3Z48. c3tT3 t3cHn1qU3 l3uR P3Rm3t m3m3 D3 c1bL3R L3UrZ D3Zt1n4t41R3Z 3n f0nCt10N Du zP4M Qu'1Lz d3z1r3nT 3nV0Y3R.  
 
L3Z M3Th0d3z d3 C0Ll3cT10n d'4Dr3zZ3Z N3 f19Ur3nT P4Z Z3Ul3z 4U N0MbR3 d3z t3cHn1qU3Z 4bUz1v3z d3z zP4Mm3rZ. c3rT41nZ D'3nTr3 3uX, d4nZ Un 0Bj3cT1F PuR3M3Nt nU1Z1Bl3, uT1L1Z3Nt l3z n0mZ D3 d0m41N3 d'4UtR3Z F0UrN1Zz3uRz d'4Cc3z 1Nt3rN3T P0Ur 3Xp3d13R L3Ur zP4Mz490u d3 F4UzZ3Z 4dR3Zz3z d3 R3T0Ur50. 4 C3 t1tR3, 1l f4uT C0NzT4T3R Qu3 L4 pLuP4Rt d3z c4uZ3Z P3Nd4nT3Z 0u d3z d3c1z10Nz r3l4t1v3z 4U Zp4mM1N9 p0rT3Nt zUr d3z qU3Zt10Nz d3 Cr1m3z 1Nf0rM4T1Qu3z 3T D3 c0nTr3f4ç0n51. 3nF1N, qU3LqU3Z 3nTr3pR1Z3Z P4Rt1c1p3nT 4uX M3F41tZ D3Z Zp4mM3Rz 3N L3Ur 0FfR4Nt d3z l091c13Lz d3 Zp4mM1N9 c0nT3N4Nt uN3 l1zT3 d3 N0Mz f4uZz3m3nT Pr3t3nDu3 C0Mm3 D3Z 93Nz d3z1r3uX D'0bT3N1R D3 l4 PuBl1c1t3 P4R C0UrR13r 3L3CtR0N1Qu3.    
 
l3 Zp4mM1N9 n'3Zt d0nC P4Z Z3Ul3m3nT Un 3Nv01 v0lUm1n3uX D3 c0uRr13Rz 3L3CtR0N1Qu3z nU1Z1Bl3 4u f0nCt10Nn3m3nT D'1nT3Rn3t, M41z 394L3M3Nt uN Ph3n0m3n3 ZuZc3pT1Bl3 D'4tT31nDr3 L3 dR01t 4 l4 V13 Pr1v33 3T D3 v10L3R L3Z D0M41n3z 1Nf0rM4T1Qu3z d3z 3NtR3Pr1z3z 0P3R4Nt zUr 1Nt3rN3T. p0uR C3Z R41z0nZ, 1L Y 4 L13u d3 J3T3R Un r394rD ZuR L3Z 3fF0RtZ D3 c0nTrÔl3 4pP0Rt3z p4z l4 C0MmUn4uT3 cYb3rN3T1Qu3 3t l3z 4PpR0Ch3z l391zL4T1V3Z 3nV1Z4933z p0uR R39l3m3nT3R L4 pUbL1C1T3 d3 M4Zz3 ZuR 1nT3Rn3t.  
 
 
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
 
 
z3c0nD3 p4rT13. l3z 3Ff0rTz d3 C0NtRôL3 dU Zp4mM1N9 - uN3 cH4Zz3 4uX V1K1N9Z  
 
qU3Ll3 T3T3 f3r413nT N0Z V1K1N9Z 4d0r4t3uRz d3 Zp4mZ Z1, 4tT4Bl3z4uX M3M3 r3zT4Ur4nT, d3z m1lL13rZ D3 c3nT41n3z d3 Cl13NtZ R3FuZ413Nt d3 M4N93r l3 F4M3Ux j4mB0Nn34U D3 l4 P0PuL41r3 C0Mp49N13 H0Rm3l? 0n p3uT C3Rt41N3M3Nt 1M491N3R Un3 B41zZ3 d'3NtH0Uz14Zm3 Ch3z n0z v4l3uR3Ux 9U3Rr13Rz. 0uTr3 M3ZuR3, N0Uz 4V0Nz r3m4rQu3 Qu3 L3 zP4Mm1n9 3t41T L'0bJ3T D3 pLuZ13uRz c0nT3Zt4t10Nz d3 L4 c0mMuN4Ut3 CyB3Rn3t1qU3. N0Uz 4B0Rd0nZ M41nT3N4Nt l3z 3Ff0rTz d3 C0NtRôL3 d0nT 3lL3 3Zt l'1N1T14tR1C3(1). c3lL3-c1 T3Nd 4 pR0P0Z3R D1Ff3r3nT3Z Z0LuT10nZ T3ChN1Qu3z 3T R3491t v190uR3Uz3m3nT 4 C3 pH3N0M3N3 qU1, 4v3c l'4U9M3Nt4t10N D3Z 4cT1V1T3Z C0Mm3rC14l3z zUr 1Nt3rN3T, 4 pR1Z Un3 C3Rt41N3 4MpL3Ur. 3n 3Ff3t, L3 d3b4t 3Zt t3l qU3 pLuZ13uRz cR013Nt qU3 l3 Pr0bL3M3 dU Zp4mM1N9 r3qU13rT Un3 R39l3m3nT4T10n (2).  
 
1. 4u pL4N 1nT3Rn3 Du r3z34U  
 
0N P3Ut z3p4r3r l3z 3Ff0rTz d3 C0NtRôL3 dU Zp4mM1N9 d3 L4 c0mMuN4Ut3 CyB3Rn3t1qU3 z3l0n d3uX T3Nd4nC3Z. z01T 3lL3 3L4B0R3 d3z z0lUt10Nz t3cHn1qU3Z P0Ur c0nTr3r l3z m3zZ493Z 3xP3D13z p4r l3z zP4Mm3rZ, z01T 3lL3 z'0R94n1z3 3n m0uV3M3Nt p0uR 1nF0Rm3r l3z cYb3rN4Ut3z d3z 3Ff3tZ Du zP4Mm1n9 3t l3z 3X0Rt3 4 D3N0Nc3r l3z zP4Mm3rZ 4uX D1Ff3r3nTz 4Ct3uRz dU R3Z34u.  
 
1.1. L3Z Z0LuT10nZ T3ChN1Qu3z  
 
L3 zP4Mm1n9 ZuR Uz3n3t  
 
L4 pR3M13r3 T3ChN1Qu3 Qu1 4 3t3 Ut1l1z33 p0uR C0NtR3R L3 zP4Mm1n9 ZuR Uz3n3t (L3 3Mp 3T L3 3Cp) FuT L'4nNuL4T10n d3z m3zZ493Z 3xP3D13z p4r l3z zP4Mm3rZ. 3N 3fF3T, uN M3Zz493 Uz3n3t p3uT F4C1L3M3Nt 3Tr3 4nNuL3 p4r z0n 4Ut3uR 3n uT1L1Z4Nt l4 F0NcT10n c4nC3L M3Zz493 D3Z L091C13lZ D3 l3cTuR3 d3 N0Uv3lL3Z52. c3p3nD4Nt, C3 n3 Z0Nt 3V1D3Mm3nT P4Z L3Z Zp4mM3Rz qU1 4NnUl3nT L3UrZ Pr0pR3Z M3Zz493z. 1l 3Zt p3rM1Z, z3l0n c3rT41n3z c1rC0NzT4Nc3z, D'4nNuL3R L3Z M3Zz493z 3Xp3d13Z P4R Un t13Rz53. L4 z3cT10n 7.1 d3 L4 r3c0mM4Nd4t10N RfC 1036B1Z D3 l'1Nt3rN3T 3n91N33r1n9t4zKf0rC3 p3rM3T 4uX 4dM1N1ZtR4T3UrZ D3 z3rV3UrZ Uz3n3t 3T 4uX M0D3R4T3UrZ D3 9R0Up3z d3 D1ZcUzZ10n d'4NnUl3r uN M3Zz493 P3U 1mP0Rt3 Z4 n4tUr3 3t z0n 0R191N354. C3Tt3 R3C0Mm4nD4T10n p3rM3T 394l3m3nT 4 T0Ut 1Nt3rN4Ut3 D'4nNuL3R L3 m3zZ493 d'uN T13rZ L0RzQu'1L C0NzT1Tu355:  
 
Un3 1m493 3xP3D133 d4nZ Un 9R0Up3 D3 n0uV3Ll3 N3 l3 P3Rm3tT4Nt p4z56;  
uN M3Zz493 C0Nt3n4nT Un3 M4Uv41Z3 4Dr3zZ3 d3 L'3xP3D1T3Ur;    
Un zP4M (3Mp 0U 3cP) d0nT L'1nD1C3 bR31dB4Rt 3Zt d3 20 3T PlUz;    
Un m3zZ493 c0nT3N4Nt uN3 c0p13 n0n 4Ut0r1z33 d'uN3 03uVr3 Pr0t3933;  
3Ct.  
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l3 Pr3m13R D3 c3z pR0J3Tz f4v0r1z3 Un zYzT3M3 d3 R39l3m3nT4T10n0pT-1n84. Un t3l zYzT3M3 1Nt3rD1T 4uX 4nN0Nc3uRz d'3Xp3d13R D3Z M3Zz493z pUbL1C1T41r3z 4 l3uR D3Zt1n4t41R3Z 4 M01nZ Qu'1Lz 413Nt pR34l4bL3M3Nt 4Cc3pT3 d'3N R3C3V01r. L0RzQu'1L 3zT 4uT0R1Z3 4 3Xp3d13R Z4 pUbL1C1T3, L'4nN0Nc3uR D01t z'1D3Nt1f13R C0Rr3cT3M3Nt 3T F0UrN1R Un3 B0Nn3 4dR3Zz3 D3 r3t0uR. c3 Pr0j3t d3 L01 P3Rm3t n0t4mM3Nt l4 Pr1z3 D'4cT10n pR1V33z p4r l3 D3Zt1n4t41R3 0U Z0N F0UrN1Zz3uR D'4cC3Z 1nT3Rn3t d3 L'0rDr3 D3 500 $ (Uz) P4R M3Zz493 0u z3l0n l3 Pr3jUd1c3 3t4bL1. Z3L0N L'0r94N1Z4T10n c4uC3, Un t3l zYzT3M3 z3r41T 394l3m3nT F0NcT10nN3L ZuR L3 pL4N 1nT3Rn4t10N4L Pu1zQu3 L3Z 4nN0Nc3uRz d3z1r3uX D'3xP3D13r l3uRz pUbL1C1T3Z D3Pu1z l'3Xt3r13Ur d3z 3T4Tz-uN1Z Z3 h3uRt3r413nT 4 D3Z Pr1x m01Nz 4V4Nt493uX3T D3Vr413nT Z3 c0nT3Nt3r d3 B4Nd3z p4zZ4Nt3z pLuZ 3tR01t3z. 3lL3 n0t3 394l3m3nT Qu3 L3Z ZyZt3m3z l391zL4T1Fz d3z 4UtR3Z P4Yz z0nT Z0Uv3nT PlUz zTr1cT3Z Qu3 C3Ux d3z 3T4Tz-uN1Z.  
 
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C0NcLuZ10n  
 
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
Éric LABBE, "Le Spamming et son contrôle" (décembre 1997), http://www.droit.umontreal.ca/~labbee/
 
 
http://www.cusd.claremont.edu/~mrosenbl/spamcrate.gif
 
A+

n°58082
Pioupiou
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:29:01  profilanswer
 

CAI LA GUERRE MON GENERAL !!!! :gun:

n°58083
MEGABUG
FLOODEUR A LA RETRAITE:D
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:29:22  profilanswer
 

joce a écrit a écrit :

GOUZIGOUZIGOUZI, le monsieur y veut jouer avec moi, laissez le moi :D
OUI JE SUIS LE JUSTICIER DU FORUM, ON M'APPELLE ZORRO :D



je l'avais prevenu ce newbies:D:D:D     bienvenu parmis nous:jap::D

n°58084
Babouchka
You're no fun anymore
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:29:39  profilanswer
 

http://www.cusd.claremont.edu/~mrosenbl/spamcrate.gif
 
 
 
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qU'1l z'491Zz3 D3 zP4Mm1n9 P4R C0UrR13r 3L3CtR0N1Qu3 0u zUr l3z 9R0Up3z d3 D1ZcUzZ10n, 1l n'3N D3M3Ur3 P4Z M01nZ Qu3 L3 zP4Mm1n9 4fF3Ct3 L3 b0n f0nCt10Nn3m3nT Du r3z34U 1nT3Rn3t 3T Z3Z C0ÛtZ D'0p3r4t10N.  
 
2.1.2 L3Z 3fF3Tz dU Zp4mM1N9  
 
L'4r9uM3Nt c0uR4Mm3nT 1nV0Qu3 P4R L3Z 4nT1-zP4Mm3rZ 3zT L'3zP4C3 qU3 d3v0r3 L3 zP4Mm1n9 ZuR L3 r3z34U 1nT3Rn3t. L4 qU4Nt1t3 D3 zP4Mz 3Xp3d13Z R3Nd l3z tR4NzM1Zz10Nz 1Nt3rN3T M01nZ R4P1D3Z 3t c0nTr1bU3 d3 B34uC0Up 4U Tr4f1c zUr l3 R3Z34u. L'3x3mPl3 L3 pLuZ Pr0b4nT 3zT C3Lu1 D3Z Zp4mZ Qu'0Nt 3Xp3d13Z L3Z ZyMp4t1z4nTz d3 L'39L1Z3 d3 Zc13Nt0l0913 zUr l3 9r0uP3 d3 D1ZcUzZ10n 4Lt.r3l1910N.Zc13Nt0l09Y31. 0N R4C0Nt3 Qu'1Lz y 0Nt 3Nv0y3 1200 zP4Mz 3N 15 j0uRz, C3 qU1 3Qu1v4l41T 4 50 m3940Ct3tZ32.D3 z0n cÔt3, l3 F0UrN1Zz3uR D'4cC3Z 1nT3Rn3t 40l 4Ff1rM3 r3c3v01R 1.8 M1Ll10N D3 zP4Mz d3 CyB3RpR0M0T10n p4r j0uR33.  
 
3n pLuZ D3 d1m1nU3R L4 v1t3zZ3 d3 Tr4nZm1zZ10n d3z c0mMuN1C4T10nZ 1nT3Rn3t, L3 zP4Mm1n9 P3Rv3rT1T L4 p0zZ1B1L1T3 4Ux 4Dm1n1zTr4t3uRz d3 B13n 93r3r l3uRz zYzT3M3Z 3t d3r0b3 4uX Ut1l1z4t3uRz l'uT1L1T3 d3z 9R0Up3z d3 D1ZcUzZ10n 3N L3Z ZuBm3r934nT D3 b4rR493Z PuBl1c1t41R3Z34. l3 Zp4mM1N9 3X3Rc3 ZuR D3Z L1Zt3z d3 D1ZtR1BuT10n m0d3r33Z R3Nd 394L3M3Nt l4 TâCh3 PlUz d1fF1C1L3 p0uR L3Z 4dM1N1ZtR4T3UrZ Qu1 4zZuR3Nt l3uR 93Zt10N35.  
 
L3Z C0ÛtZ 4zZ0C13z 4Ux 3Ff3tZ Du zP4Mm1n9 ZuR L3 f0nCt10Nn3m3nT Du r3z34U Z0Nt t0uT 4uZz1 R3V3L4T3UrZ Du c4r4cT3R3 4BuZ1F Du zP4Mm1n9. m. B4RrY D. b0w3n r3zUm3 41Nz1 L3Z C0ÛtZ Du zP4Mm1n9 P0Ur l3z f0uRn1zZ3UrZ D'4cC3Z 1nT3Rn3t (F41) 3T L3UrZ Ut1l1z4t3uRz:  
 
p0uR L3Z F41:  
 
C0ÛtZ 4dD1T10nN3Lz p0uR L'4u9m3nT4T10n d3 L4 l4r93Ur d3 B4Nd3 4f1n d3 C0NtR3R L'4u9m3nT4T10n dU Tr4f1c zUr 1Nt3rN3T;    
c0ûTz 4Dd1t10Nn3lZ P0Ur l'4Ch4t 3T L4 93zT10n d'0Rd1n4t3uRz zUpPl3m3nT41r3z 4F1N D'4zZuR3R L4 z3cUr1t3 3t l'1Nt39R1T3 d3zF41 Z0Uv3nT M3N4C3Z P4R L3Z Zp4mM3Rz;    
C0ÛtZ 4dD1T10nN3Lz p0uR L'4cH4T D3 m3m01R3 zUpPl3m3nT41r3 4f1n d'3NtR3P0Z3R L3Z M3Zz493z 4Dd1t10Nn3lZ Qu3 C0NzT1Tu3nT L3Z Zp4mZ;  
P3Rz0nN3L 4dD1T10nN3L P0Ur 93r3r l3z pR0Bl3m3z t3cHn1qU3Z L13z 4U Zp4mM1N9 3T R3P0NdR3 4Ux pL41nT3Z D3Z V1Ct1m3z dU Zp4mM1N9.  
p0uR L3Z Ut1l1z4t3uRz:  
 
c0ûTz 4Dd1t10Nn3lZ P0Ur l3 T3MpZ D3 cH4R93m3nT;    
c0ûTz 4Dd1t10Nn3lZ P0Ur l3z uZ493Rz qU1 uT1L1Z3Nt uN3 c0mMuN1C4T10n 1Nt3rUrB41n3;    
b41Zz3 D3 pR0DuCt1v1t3 L133 4U T3MpZ P4Zz3 4 F1LtR3R L3Z Zp4mZ, 4 z3 Pl41NdR3 3T 4 Z3 d3z4b0nN3R4 d3z l1zT3Z D3 d1zTr1bUt10N C0Mm3rC14l3z36.  
3V1D3Mm3nT, t0uZ L3Z C0ÛtZ ZuPpL3M3Nt41R3Z D3Z F41 Z3R0Nt f1n4l3m3nT ZuPp0rT3Z P4R L3Z Ut1l1z4t3uRz qU1 v3rR0Nt 4U9M3Nt3r l3uRz t4r1fZ D'4b0nN3M3Nt37. C'3zT D1R3 qU3 l3z uT1L1Z4T3UrZ D3B0UrZ3Nt p0uR R3C3V01r d3 L4 pUb1c1t3, qU3 c3 Z01t zUr uZ3N3T 0u p4r c0uRr13R 3l3cTr0n1qU3, Qu'1Lz c0nZ1D3R3Nt p0uRt4nT 1nD3Z1R4Bl3 3t qU'1lZ N'0nT D'41Ll3uRz p4z z0lL1C1T3338. c3tT3 z1tU4T10n r3zZ3MbL3 3Tr4n93M3Nt 4 l4 T3L3C0P13 C0Mm3rC14l3 Qu1 4 3t3 1nT3Rd1t3 D4Nz pLuZ13uRz p4yZ P4Rc3 Qu3 L3Z C0ÛtZ Pr0m0t10Nn3lZ D3Z 3nTr3pR1Z3Z 3t413nT ZuPp0rT3Z P4R L3Z D3Zt1n4t41R3Z.  
 
B13n qU3 n0uZ 4y0nZ R3M4RqU3 qU3 l3 Cr1t3r3 Du v0lUm3 N'3t41T P4Z T0Uj0uRz 3Ff1c4c3 P0Ur d3t3rM1N3R L4 n4tUr3 4bUz1v3 D'Un m3zZ493, N0Uz p0uV0Nz c0nClUr3 Qu3 C'3zT JuZt3m3nT C3 cR1T3R3 qU1 1Mp0rT3 l0rZqU3 n0uZ 0bZ3Rv0nZ L3Z 3fF3Tz 4BuZ1Fz dU Zp4mM1N9 4 l'394Rd dU B0N F0NcT10nN3M3Nt d'1Nt3rN3T. c3p3nD4Nt, 1l f4uT C0NzT4T3R Qu3 L3Z M3Th0d3z qU'3mPl013nT L3Z Zp4mM3Rz 41nZ1 qU3 l3z z3rV1C3Z Qu'1Lz 0FfR3Nt p3rM3Tt3nT D'4fF1Rm3r qU3 l3 Zp4mM1N9 3Zt 394L3M3Nt uN 4bUz zUr l3 R3Z34u.    
 
2.2 D3Z 4bUz zUr l3 R3Z34u  
 
0n p3uT D3F1N1R L3Z 4bUz zUr l3 R3Z34u 1Nt3rN3T C0Mm3 D3Z 4cT3Z ZuZc3pT1Bl3z d'3Tr3 C0Nz1d3r3z 1Ll394uX Z'1lZ 3t413nT 4cC0MpL1Z D4Nz uN 3nV1R0Nn3m3nT 4uTr3 Qu'1Nt3rN3T. c3c1 D1T, 1L N3 f4uT P4Z C0MpR3NdR3 d3 C3Tt3 D3Rn13R3 4Ff1rM4T10n qU'1nT3Rn3t 3Zt uN3 t3rR3 z4nZ L01 M41z pLuTôT Qu3 L4 qU4L1F1C4T10n jUr1d1qU3 d3z c0mMuN1C4T10nZ 1nT3Rn3t, P4R L3Ur c4r4cT3R3 tR4NzN4T10n4l 3T L3Ur c0mPl3x1t3, 3Zt z0uV3Nt pLuZ D1Ff1c1l3. t0uT3F01z, N0Uz p0uV0Nz c3rT41n3m3nT 4pPr3c13R L3 c4r4cT3R3 4BuZ1F Du c0nT3Nu d3z zP4Mz 3T D3Z M3Th0d3z 3MpL0Y33z p4r l3z zP4Mm3rZ P0Ur 0Bt3n1r l3z c00Rd0nN33z d3 L3UrZ D3Zt1n4t41R3Z.    
 
2.2.1. D3Z M3Zz493z1nD3Z1R4Bl3z  
 
M. z. Mu3lL3R N0Uz 3Xp0z3 Qu3 L3Z Zp4mZ Z0Nt 93n3r4l3m3nT D3Z PuBl1c1t3z c0mM3Rc14L3Z 4uX Pr0dU1Tz 4Mb19Üz 3T 4uX Z3Rv1c3z 4 l4 L1M1T3 d3 L4 l394l1t3. p4r 3X3MpL3Z, l3z zP4Mz z0nT Z0Uv3nT, z3l0n lU1, D3Z PuBl1c1t3z pR0P0Z4Nt d3z cUr3z m1r4cL3Z 0u d3z z0lUt10Nz p0uR D3V3N1R R1Ch3 R4P1D3M3Nt (M4K3 m0n3y f4zT)39. 1l 4Rr1v3 394l3m3nT Qu3 L3Z Zp4mZ Z013Nt d3z l3tTr3z 4 l4 Ch4îN3 0U D3Z V3Nt3z pYr4m1d4l3z40. 4 C3 t1tR3, C3Z M3Zz493z c0nZt1tU3Nt d3z 4Ct3z 1Ll394uX Qu3 N0Uz p0uV0Nz r3p0rT3R 4uX Z3Rv1c3z p0l1c13Rz t4nT 4u c4n4d4 Qu'4Ux 3T4Tz-uN1Z41.  
 
L3Z Zp4mZ N3 z0nT P4Z T0Uj0uRz d3z pUbL1C1T3Z Fr4uDuL3Uz3z 0U 1lL394L3Z B13n qU'0n pL41d3 Z4Nz 4Mb493 Qu'1Lz z0nT R4R3M3Nt pLuZ Qu3 D3Z PuBl1c1t3z m3d10Cr3z, D3C3V4Nt3z 3T Z4Nz 1Nt3r3t. C3P3Nd4nT, c0mM3 n0uZ L'4v0nZ D3J4 r3m4rQu3, l3z zP4Mm3rZ N'0nT P4Z T0Uz d3 M4Uv41Z3Z 1nT3Nt10Nz. 1l z3r41T Tr0p 0Pp0rTuN D3 qU4L1F13r uN M3Zz493 Un t4nT1N3T C0Mm3rC14l d3 C0Nt3nU 4bUz1f. L3 d3b4t d01T PlUtÔt p0rT3R ZuR L3 c4r4cT3R3 3C0N0M1Qu3 Du zP4Mm1n9 3t 394L3M3Nt zUr l3z m3tH0D3Z 3mPl0y33Z P4R L3Z Zp4mM3Rz p0uR 0bT3N1R L3Z 4dR3Zz3z 3L3CtR0N1Qu3z d3 L3UrZ D3Zt1n4t41R3Z.  
 
2.2.2. d3z m3tH0D3Zz0uRn01Z3Z  
 
z'1L 3zT F4C1L3 d'0Bt3n1r l4 L1Zt3 D3Z 9r0uP3Z D3 d1zCuZz10N Uz3n3t, L4 r3cH3RcH3 d'4Dr3zZ3Z 3l3cTr0n1qU3Z Z'4v3r3 M01nZ 3v1d3nT3. P4R 41Ll3uRz, L3Z M3Th0d3z 3MpL0Y33z p4r l3z zP4Mm3rZ 4 C3Tt3 F1N D3B0UcH3Nt zUr uN R33l m4rCh3 D'4dR3Zz3z d3 C0UrR13rZ 3l3cTr0n1qU3Z. p4r 3X3MpL3, 2 M1Ll10Nz d'4Dr3zZ3Z 3l3cTr0n1qU3Z P3Uv3nT Z3 v3nDr3 4 99 d0lL4RdZ 4m3r1c41Nz 3T 100 M1Ll3z 4Dr3zZ3Z D'4b0nN3Z D'40L, 4 100 d0lL4RdZ 4m3r1c41Nz42. L3Z Zp4mM3Rz d01V3Nt c3p3nD4Nt uZ3R D3 mUlT1Pl3z pR0C3D3Z P0Ur 0Bt3n1r l'34u d3 L3Ur m0uL1N.  
 
L4 m3tH0D3 c0uR4Nt3 C0Nz1zT3 4 c0lL3Ct3r 4Ut0m4t1qU3M3Nt l3z 4Dr3zZ3Z 3l3cTr0n1qU3Z L41zZ33z p4r l3z uT1L1Z4T3UrZzUr l3z 9R0Up3z d3 D1ZcUzZ10n 3T L3UrZ P493Z W3B43. 4 c3tT3 f1n, 1l 3X1Zt3 PlUz13UrZ L091C13lZ T3L Qu3 L3 w3bC0Ll3cT0R44. d4nZ L4 m3m3 V31n3, c3rT41nZ L091C13lZ P3Rm3tT3Nt l'1NzCr1pT10n 4 uN M4X1MuM D3 l1zT3Z D3 d1zTr1bUt10N D4Nz l3 BuT D3 r3cUp3r3r l3z 4Dr3zZ3Z 3l3cTr0n1qU3Z D3 l3uRz m3mBr3z45.  
 
l3z 4UtR3Z M3Th0d3z 0Nt uN C4R4Ct3r3 B34uC0Up pLuZ 4bUz1f 3T Z3 r3v3l3nT Z0Uv3nT Fr4uDuL3Uz3z. P4R 3x3mPl3, c3rT41nZ Zp4mM3Rz 3L4B0R3Nt d3z p493z w3bZ ZuR L3ZqU3Ll3z 1Lz pR0P0Z3Nt 4Ux v1z1t3uRz d3 P4Rt1c1p3r 4 uN C0Nc0uRz p4r c0uRr13R 3l3cTr0n1qU3. L3 c0nC0UrZ Z3 r3v3l3 3v1d3mM3Nt f4uX 3t l3z zP4Mm3rZ D1Zp4r41Zz3nT 4v3c l3z c00Rd0nN33z d3z p4rT1C1P4NtZ46. d'4UtR3Z V0Nt m3m3 JuZqU'4 Z3 f41R3 p4zZ3R P0Ur d3z cHôM3UrZ 3n qU3T3 d3 Tr4v41L ZuR D3Z Z1T3Z C0Nz4cR3Z 4 L4 r3cH3RcH3 d'3MpL0147. l0rZqU'1lZ R3Ç01v3nT Un3 0fFr3 D3 tR4V41l p4r c0uRr13R3L3CtR0N1Qu3, 1Lz n0t3nT L3Z 4dR3Zz3z d3z 4UtR3Z C4Nd1d4tZ 1nZcR1Tz d4nZ L'3n-t3t3 Du m3zZ493 3T L3Ur 3Xp3d13Nt d3z pUbL1C1T3Z48. c3tT3 t3cHn1qU3 l3uR P3Rm3t m3m3 D3 c1bL3R L3UrZ D3Zt1n4t41R3Z 3n f0nCt10N Du zP4M Qu'1Lz d3z1r3nT 3nV0Y3R.  
 
L3Z M3Th0d3z d3 C0Ll3cT10n d'4Dr3zZ3Z N3 f19Ur3nT P4Z Z3Ul3z 4U N0MbR3 d3z t3cHn1qU3Z 4bUz1v3z d3z zP4Mm3rZ. c3rT41nZ D'3nTr3 3uX, d4nZ Un 0Bj3cT1F PuR3M3Nt nU1Z1Bl3, uT1L1Z3Nt l3z n0mZ D3 d0m41N3 d'4UtR3Z F0UrN1Zz3uRz d'4Cc3z 1Nt3rN3T P0Ur 3Xp3d13R L3Ur zP4Mz490u d3 F4UzZ3Z 4dR3Zz3z d3 R3T0Ur50. 4 C3 t1tR3, 1l f4uT C0NzT4T3R Qu3 L4 pLuP4Rt d3z c4uZ3Z P3Nd4nT3Z 0u d3z d3c1z10Nz r3l4t1v3z 4U Zp4mM1N9 p0rT3Nt zUr d3z qU3Zt10Nz d3 Cr1m3z 1Nf0rM4T1Qu3z 3T D3 c0nTr3f4ç0n51. 3nF1N, qU3LqU3Z 3nTr3pR1Z3Z P4Rt1c1p3nT 4uX M3F41tZ D3Z Zp4mM3Rz 3N L3Ur 0FfR4Nt d3z l091c13Lz d3 Zp4mM1N9 c0nT3N4Nt uN3 l1zT3 d3 N0Mz f4uZz3m3nT Pr3t3nDu3 C0Mm3 D3Z 93Nz d3z1r3uX D'0bT3N1R D3 l4 PuBl1c1t3 P4R C0UrR13r 3L3CtR0N1Qu3.    
 
l3 Zp4mM1N9 n'3Zt d0nC P4Z Z3Ul3m3nT Un 3Nv01 v0lUm1n3uX D3 c0uRr13Rz 3L3CtR0N1Qu3z nU1Z1Bl3 4u f0nCt10Nn3m3nT D'1nT3Rn3t, M41z 394L3M3Nt uN Ph3n0m3n3 ZuZc3pT1Bl3 D'4tT31nDr3 L3 dR01t 4 l4 V13 Pr1v33 3T D3 v10L3R L3Z D0M41n3z 1Nf0rM4T1Qu3z d3z 3NtR3Pr1z3z 0P3R4Nt zUr 1Nt3rN3T. p0uR C3Z R41z0nZ, 1L Y 4 L13u d3 J3T3R Un r394rD ZuR L3Z 3fF0RtZ D3 c0nTrÔl3 4pP0Rt3z p4z l4 C0MmUn4uT3 cYb3rN3T1Qu3 3t l3z 4PpR0Ch3z l391zL4T1V3Z 3nV1Z4933z p0uR R39l3m3nT3R L4 pUbL1C1T3 d3 M4Zz3 ZuR 1nT3Rn3t.  
 
 
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
 
 
z3c0nD3 p4rT13. l3z 3Ff0rTz d3 C0NtRôL3 dU Zp4mM1N9 - uN3 cH4Zz3 4uX V1K1N9Z  
 
qU3Ll3 T3T3 f3r413nT N0Z V1K1N9Z 4d0r4t3uRz d3 Zp4mZ Z1, 4tT4Bl3z4uX M3M3 r3zT4Ur4nT, d3z m1lL13rZ D3 c3nT41n3z d3 Cl13NtZ R3FuZ413Nt d3 M4N93r l3 F4M3Ux j4mB0Nn34U D3 l4 P0PuL41r3 C0Mp49N13 H0Rm3l? 0n p3uT C3Rt41N3M3Nt 1M491N3R Un3 B41zZ3 d'3NtH0Uz14Zm3 Ch3z n0z v4l3uR3Ux 9U3Rr13Rz. 0uTr3 M3ZuR3, N0Uz 4V0Nz r3m4rQu3 Qu3 L3 zP4Mm1n9 3t41T L'0bJ3T D3 pLuZ13uRz c0nT3Zt4t10Nz d3 L4 c0mMuN4Ut3 CyB3Rn3t1qU3. N0Uz 4B0Rd0nZ M41nT3N4Nt l3z 3Ff0rTz d3 C0NtRôL3 d0nT 3lL3 3Zt l'1N1T14tR1C3(1). c3lL3-c1 T3Nd 4 pR0P0Z3R D1Ff3r3nT3Z Z0LuT10nZ T3ChN1Qu3z 3T R3491t v190uR3Uz3m3nT 4 C3 pH3N0M3N3 qU1, 4v3c l'4U9M3Nt4t10N D3Z 4cT1V1T3Z C0Mm3rC14l3z zUr 1Nt3rN3T, 4 pR1Z Un3 C3Rt41N3 4MpL3Ur. 3n 3Ff3t, L3 d3b4t 3Zt t3l qU3 pLuZ13uRz cR013Nt qU3 l3 Pr0bL3M3 dU Zp4mM1N9 r3qU13rT Un3 R39l3m3nT4T10n (2).  
 
1. 4u pL4N 1nT3Rn3 Du r3z34U  
 
0N P3Ut z3p4r3r l3z 3Ff0rTz d3 C0NtRôL3 dU Zp4mM1N9 d3 L4 c0mMuN4Ut3 CyB3Rn3t1qU3 z3l0n d3uX T3Nd4nC3Z. z01T 3lL3 3L4B0R3 d3z z0lUt10Nz t3cHn1qU3Z P0Ur c0nTr3r l3z m3zZ493Z 3xP3D13z p4r l3z zP4Mm3rZ, z01T 3lL3 z'0R94n1z3 3n m0uV3M3Nt p0uR 1nF0Rm3r l3z cYb3rN4Ut3z d3z 3Ff3tZ Du zP4Mm1n9 3t l3z 3X0Rt3 4 D3N0Nc3r l3z zP4Mm3rZ 4uX D1Ff3r3nTz 4Ct3uRz dU R3Z34u.  
 
1.1. L3Z Z0LuT10nZ T3ChN1Qu3z  
 
L3 zP4Mm1n9 ZuR Uz3n3t  
 
L4 pR3M13r3 T3ChN1Qu3 Qu1 4 3t3 Ut1l1z33 p0uR C0NtR3R L3 zP4Mm1n9 ZuR Uz3n3t (L3 3Mp 3T L3 3Cp) FuT L'4nNuL4T10n d3z m3zZ493Z 3xP3D13z p4r l3z zP4Mm3rZ. 3N 3fF3T, uN M3Zz493 Uz3n3t p3uT F4C1L3M3Nt 3Tr3 4nNuL3 p4r z0n 4Ut3uR 3n uT1L1Z4Nt l4 F0NcT10n c4nC3L M3Zz493 D3Z L091C13lZ D3 l3cTuR3 d3 N0Uv3lL3Z52. c3p3nD4Nt, C3 n3 Z0Nt 3V1D3Mm3nT P4Z L3Z Zp4mM3Rz qU1 4NnUl3nT L3UrZ Pr0pR3Z M3Zz493z. 1l 3Zt p3rM1Z, z3l0n c3rT41n3z c1rC0NzT4Nc3z, D'4nNuL3R L3Z M3Zz493z 3Xp3d13Z P4R Un t13Rz53. L4 z3cT10n 7.1 d3 L4 r3c0mM4Nd4t10N RfC 1036B1Z D3 l'1Nt3rN3T 3n91N33r1n9t4zKf0rC3 p3rM3T 4uX 4dM1N1ZtR4T3UrZ D3 z3rV3UrZ Uz3n3t 3T 4uX M0D3R4T3UrZ D3 9R0Up3z d3 D1ZcUzZ10n d'4NnUl3r uN M3Zz493 P3U 1mP0Rt3 Z4 n4tUr3 3t z0n 0R191N354. C3Tt3 R3C0Mm4nD4T10n p3rM3T 394l3m3nT 4 T0Ut 1Nt3rN4Ut3 D'4nNuL3R L3 m3zZ493 d'uN T13rZ L0RzQu'1L C0NzT1Tu355:  
 
Un3 1m493 3xP3D133 d4nZ Un 9R0Up3 D3 n0uV3Ll3 N3 l3 P3Rm3tT4Nt p4z56;  
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Un zP4M (3Mp 0U 3cP) d0nT L'1nD1C3 bR31dB4Rt 3Zt d3 20 3T PlUz;    
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3Nf1n, L4 pLuP4Rt d3z t3n0rZ Du m0uV3M3Nt 4Nt1-Zp4mM1N9 n3 F4V0R1Z3Nt p4z l3z r1p0zT3Z 1lL394L3Z. 1L Zu993r3nT F0Rt3m3nT D3 n3 P4Z B0Mb4rD3R L3Z B0Ît3z d3 C0UrR13rZ 3l3cTr0n1qU3Z D3Z Zp4mM3Rz pU1ZqU3 c3l4 C0NzT1Tu3 Un cR1M3 1Nf0rM4T1Qu375. l4 R39l3 D'0r dU M0Uv3m3nT 4nT1-zP4Mm1n9 3zT D3 n3 J4M41z c0mB4TtR3 l3 F3U P4R L3 f3u; L3 zP4Mm1n9 N3 d01T P4Z 3tR3 l4 R3P0Nz3 4u zP4Mm1n976. 1Lz zU993R3Nt 394L3M3Nt qU3 l'19n0r4nC3 d3z uT1L1Z4T3UrZ 4 L'394rD D3Z Zp4mZ 3zT ZuZc3pT1Bl3 D3 d1m1nU3R L'1nT3R3T D3Z 4nN0Nc3uRz p0uR L3 zP4Mm1n977. d3 PlUz, 1lZ C0Nz1d3r3nT L3 r3nV01 D'Un zP4M 4 Z0N 3xP3D1T3Ur z0uV3Nt 1N3Ff1c4c3 B13n qU'0n y 4J0Ut3 L'4nN0T4T10n r3m0v378. c3rT41nZ C0Nz31Ll3nT M3M3 4Ux uT1L1Z4T3UrZ D3 n3 R3P0NdR3 4Ux zP4Mm3rZ Qu3 L0RzQu'1Lz 0Nt l'1Nt3nT10n d3 L3Ur f41R3 4ZzUm3r l3z c0ûTz d3 Ch4r93M3Nt d3 L3UrZ Zp4mZ 3t d3 Cr33R 41Nz1 Un3 3nT3Nt3 T4C1T3 p4r l4qU3Ll3 L3Z R3C1D1V3Z D3Z Zp4mM3Rz qU1 n3 P413Nt p4z z3r413nT C0Nz1d3r33Z C0Mm3 Du h4rC3L3M3Nt79.  
 
l3 M0Uv3m3nT 4nT1-zP4Mm1n9 3t l3z z0lUt10Nz qU'1l pR0P0Z3 n0uZ 4pP0Rt3nT D0Nc pLuZ13uRz m0y3nZ D3 c0nTrÔl3 Du zP4Mm1n9. c3p3nD4Nt, C'3zT M0Y3Nz c0nZ1Zt3nT Tr0p z0uV3Nt 3N D3Z M3ZuR3Z 4 P0Zt3r10R1. L3Z Pr0bL3M3Z D'3fF1C4C1T3 d'1Nt3rN3T 3t d3 Fr41Z ZuPpL3M3Nt41R3Z Qu'3N93nDr3nT L3 zP4Mm1n9 N3 p3uV3Nt p4z 3Tr3 R39l3z p4r l'3MpL01 D3 m0y3nZ Qu1 N3 f0nT Qu3 R3491r 4U Zp4mM1N9. Un3 ZtRuCtUr3 R39l3m3nT41r3 3zT D0Nc n3c3zZ41r3 4 L'3fF3Ct1v1t3 D3Z M3ZuR3Z D3J4 pR1Z3Z P4R L4 c0mMuN4Ut3 CyB3Rn3t1qU380.  
 
2. 4u pL4N L391Zl4t1f  
 
1l 1Mp0rT3 d3 N0T3R Qu3 D3Z M3ZuR3Z L391Zl4t1v3z v1z4nT 4 R39l3m3nT3R L3 zP4Mm1n9 N3 p0uRr413nT 3tR3 3Nt13R3M3Nt 3Ff1c4c3z z1 3lL3Z N'3t413nT Pr1z3z qU3 d4nZ Qu3lQu3z 3T4Tz81. C0Mm3 T0Uz pR0Bl3m3z jUr1d1qU3Z ZuR 1nT3Rn3t, L4 qU3Zt10N D3 l4 R39l3m3nT4T10n dU Zp4mM1N9 c0nZt1tU3R4 tÔt 0U T4Rd uN Pr0bL3M3 d3 Dr01T 1nT3Rn4t10N4L. n0uZ P0Uv0nZ D3J4 3NtR3V01r, 4 C3T 394rD, l4 D1Ff1cUlT3 d'1D3Nt1f13R L4 l0c4l1t3 D3Z 4dR3Zz3z 3L3CtR0N1Qu3z 3T L4 pR1Z3 3N C0MpT3 d3z d1fF3R3NtZ Zt4nD4RdZ D3Z 3t4tZ Qu1 4uR0Nt jU93 N3C3Zz41R3 d3 R39l3m3nT3R L3 c0uRr13R 3l3cTr0n1qU3 c0mM3Rc14L82.  
 
N0Uz p0uV0Nz t0uT3F01z j3t3r uN R394Rd zUr l3z z0lUt10Nz qU1 0Nt d3j4 3t3 Pr0p0z33Z 4uX 3t4tZ-Un1z. N0Uz 4Ur0nZ TôT F41t d3 C0NzT4T3R Qu3 L3Z M3ZuR3Z Pr0j3t33Z N3 c0nC3Rn3nT Qu3 L3 zP4Mm1n9 P4R C0UrR13r 3L3CtR0N1Qu3, c'3Zt-4-d1r3 L3 c0uRr13R 3l3cTr0n1qU3 n0n z0lL1C1T3. JuZqU'4 C3 j0uR, 4U M01nZ Z1X 3t4tZ 4m3r1c41Nz 0Nt c0nZ1D3R3 d3z m3zUr3z l391zL4T1V3Z C0Mm3 M0Y3N D3 c0nTr3r c3 TyP3 d3 Zp4mM1N983. 0n 4 394L3M3Nt 1NtR0Du1t tR01z pR0J3Tz d3 L01 4u c0n9r3z 4 c3t 3Ff3t.  
 
l3 Pr3m13R D3 c3z pR0J3Tz f4v0r1z3 Un zYzT3M3 d3 R39l3m3nT4T10n0pT-1n84. Un t3l zYzT3M3 1Nt3rD1T 4uX 4nN0Nc3uRz d'3Xp3d13R D3Z M3Zz493z pUbL1C1T41r3z 4 l3uR D3Zt1n4t41R3Z 4 M01nZ Qu'1Lz 413Nt pR34l4bL3M3Nt 4Cc3pT3 d'3N R3C3V01r. L0RzQu'1L 3zT 4uT0R1Z3 4 3Xp3d13R Z4 pUbL1C1T3, L'4nN0Nc3uR D01t z'1D3Nt1f13R C0Rr3cT3M3Nt 3T F0UrN1R Un3 B0Nn3 4dR3Zz3 D3 r3t0uR. c3 Pr0j3t d3 L01 P3Rm3t n0t4mM3Nt l4 Pr1z3 D'4cT10n pR1V33z p4r l3 D3Zt1n4t41R3 0U Z0N F0UrN1Zz3uR D'4cC3Z 1nT3Rn3t d3 L'0rDr3 D3 500 $ (Uz) P4R M3Zz493 0u z3l0n l3 Pr3jUd1c3 3t4bL1. Z3L0N L'0r94N1Z4T10n c4uC3, Un t3l zYzT3M3 z3r41T 394l3m3nT F0NcT10nN3L ZuR L3 pL4N 1nT3Rn4t10N4L Pu1zQu3 L3Z 4nN0Nc3uRz d3z1r3uX D'3xP3D13r l3uRz pUbL1C1T3Z D3Pu1z l'3Xt3r13Ur d3z 3T4Tz-uN1Z Z3 h3uRt3r413nT 4 D3Z Pr1x m01Nz 4V4Nt493uX3T D3Vr413nT Z3 c0nT3Nt3r d3 B4Nd3z p4zZ4Nt3z pLuZ 3tR01t3z. 3lL3 n0t3 394l3m3nT Qu3 L3Z ZyZt3m3z l391zL4T1Fz d3z 4UtR3Z P4Yz z0nT Z0Uv3nT PlUz zTr1cT3Z Qu3 C3Ux d3z 3T4Tz-uN1Z.  
 
B13n qU3 l3 C0UrR13r 3L3CtR0N1Qu3 N0N Z0Ll1c1t3 Z01t l3 ZuJ3T Pr1nC1P4L D3Z Pl41Nt3z r3çU3Z P4R L3Z F41 N0Rd-4M3R1C41nZ853T Qu3 L4 m4j0r1t3 D3Z CyB3Rn4uT3Z N'4pPr3c13Nt 9U3R3 c3 TyP3 d3 Zp4mM1N986, L4 z1x13M3 3NqU3T3 d3 L4 930R914 t3cH R3Z34rCh c0rP0R4T10n zUr l3z uT1L1Z4T3UrZ Du w3b r3v3l3 Qu3 L4 m4j0r1t3 D3Z Ut1l1z4t3uRz d'1Nt3rN3T N3 z0nT P4Z 3n f4v3uR D'Un zYzT3M3 0Pt-1N M41z d'uN ZyZt3m3 0pT-0uT87, c'3Zt 4 d1r3 Un3 R39l3m3nT4T10n p3rM3Tt4nT 4uX 4nN0Nc3uRz d'3Xp3d13R L3Ur pUbL1C1T3 jUzQu'4 c3 Qu3 L3Z D3Zt1n4t41R3Z R3T1R3Nt l3uRz n0mZ D3Z L1Zt3z d3 D1ZtR1BuT10n.    
 
L4 d1r3cT M4Rk3t1n9 4zZ0C14t10N (dM4) F4V0R1Z3 394L3M3Nt c3 TyP3 d3 ZyZt3m3 Pu1zQu'1L 93N3R3 d3 F41bL3Z C0ÛtZ D3 r3c3pT10n 3T Qu'1L R3Nd l3z d3zT1N4T41r3z pLuZ 4cC3Zz1bL3Z 3n n'0Bl1934Nt p4z l3z 4Nn0nC3UrZ 4 0bT3N1R, c0nTr41R3M3Nt 4U ZyZt3m3 0pT-1n, L3UrZ C0Nz3nT3M3NtZ Pr34L4Bl3z88. P4R 41Ll3uRz, C3Tt3 0r94N1Z4T10n pR0P0Z3 d3 Z'4uT0R39l3m3nT3R 3t d3 D3L1Vr3r 4Ux uZ493Rz d3z m3c4n1zM3Z 3fF1C4C3Z Qu1 L3Ur p3rM3TtR413Nt d3 Ch01Z1R D3 r3c3v01R D3 l4 PuBl1c1t3 P4R C0UrR13r 3L3CtR0N1Qu389.  
 
D3Ux pR0J3Tz d3 L01 4m3r1c41Nz c0nZ1D3R3Nt l4 R39l3m3nT4T10n dU C0UrR13r 3L3CtR0N1Qu3 N0N Z0Ll1c1t3 Z3L0N Un zYzT3M3 0Pt-0Ut. L3 pR3M13r pR0J3T Zu993r3 N0T4Mm3nT L'1d3nT1F1C4T10n 3X4Ct3 D3 l'3Xp3d1t3uR 3t d3 Z3Z C00rD0Nn33Z 3t l'3T1Qu3t493 D3Z M3Zz493z pUbL1C1T41r3z p3rM3Tt4nT 4uX F41 D3 f1lTr3r l3 C0UrR13r 3L3CtR0N1Qu3 4 L4 d3m4nD3 d3 L3UrZ Uz493rZ90.L3 z3c0nD Pr0p0z3 Un3 L1Zt3 Un1v3rZ3Ll3 P4R L4Qu3lL3 l3z uZ493Rz 4Ur413nT L4 p0zZ1B1L1T3 d3 R3T1R3R L3UrZ 4dR3Zz3z 3L3CtR0N1Qu3z d3 C3Rt41N3Z C4T390R13z d3 M3Zz493z d3 Z0Ll1c1t4t10N (c0mM3Rc14L3,p0l1t1qU3, R3L1913uZ3, 3tC) 3T L'1nT3Rd1cT10n 4Ux 4Nn0nC3UrZ D3 p0zZ3D3R L3UrZ Pr0pR3Z F4191.  
 
B13n qU'1l z01T P0Zz1bL3 qU3 l3 ZyZt3m3 0pT-0uT N3 p3rM3Tt3 P4Z Un3 D1M1NuT10n d3z fR41z r3l13Z 4u zP4Mm1n9 P4R C0UrR13r 3L3CtR0N1Qu3, 1L 4 N34nM01nZ L'4v4nT493 d3 P0Nd3r3r pLuZ JuZt3m3nT L3Z 1nT3R3Tz d3z uT1L1Z4T3UrZ 3t c3uX D3Z 4nN0Nc3uRz. 4u pL4N 3c0n0m1qU3, L3 zYzT3M3 0Pt-1N 4pP4R4Ît c3p3nD4Nt pLuZ R34l1z4bL3 3T M01nZ D1Zp3nD13uX. n0uZ N3 p0uRr10Nz t0uT3F01z n39L193R L4 qU3Zt10N 1nT3Rn4t10N4L3 qU1, 3lL3, D3M3Ur3. 4C3 t1tR3, D3 n0uV3Ll3z t3cHn0l0913Z C0Mb1n33Z 4uX 3fF0RtZ 4cTu3lZ D3 l4 C0MmUn4uT3 cYb3rN3T1Qu3 P0UrR413Nt z'4V3R3R PlUz pR0B4Nt3z.    
 
 
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
 
 
C0NcLuZ10n  
 
C3Rt3z, L4 d3t3rM1N4T10n d3 C0Mp0rT3M3NtZ T3L Qu3 L3 zP4Mm1n9 N'3zT P4Z Un3 0p3r4t10N Tr3z f4c1l3. 0N P3Ut r3m4rQu3r qU3 l3 T3Rm3 Zp4mM1N9 f41T L'0bJ3T D'Un 94lV4Ud493 Z0Uv3nT F0Rt zUrPr3n4nT. l4 C0Nn0t4t10N P3J0R4T1V3 d3 C3 t3rM3 1MpL1Qu3 N3C3Zz41R3M3Nt uN3 4Tt3nT10n p4rT1CuL13r3 L0RzQu3 N0Uz qU4L1F10nZ L3 c0mP0Rt3m3nT 3t l3z 4Ct3z d3z 4UtR3Z M3MbR3Z D3 l4 C0MmUn4uT3 cYb3rN3T1Qu3. 1L F4Ut z3 R4Pp3l3r qU3 l3 Zp4mM1N9 z'4PpR3C13 Z01t p4r l3 V0LuM3 0U L4 qU4Nt1t3 D3Z M3Zz493z, Z01t p4r z0n c4r4cT3R3 n0n z0lL1C1T3. 41Nz1, n0uZ D3V0Nz pR3NdR3 94rD3 d3 Qu4l1f13R D3 zP4Mm1n9 L3Z M3Zz493z d0nT N0Uz n'4PpR3C10nZ P4Z L3 c0nT3Nu.    
 
B13n qU3 l3z 3Ff0rTz d3 C0NtRôL3 d3 L4 c0mMuN4Ut3 CyB3Rn3t1qU3 p3uV3Nt z0uV3Nt 3Tr3 C0Nz1d3r3z tR0P 0r13Nt3z, 1l f4uT Z3 r4pP3L3R Qu3 L3UrZ 1n1t14T1V3Z N3 z0nT P4Z V41n3z; L3 zP4Mm1n9 N0Uz 3Zt d1zP3Nd13Ux 3T F4V0R1Z3 d3z 4Tt31Nt3z 4 n0tR3 v13 pR1V33. n0uZ D3Vr10Nz c3p3nD4Nt 0Bz3rV3R L3Z T3Nd4nC3Z Qu1 Z3 d39493r0nZ D3Z Z0LuT10nZ T3ChN0L091Qu3z 3N C3 d0m41N3 3T C0Nz1d3r3r l'4PpL1C4T10n d3z l01Z 4cTu3lL3Z 4 L'394rD D3 l4 PuBl1c1t3 D1R3Ct3 4v4nT D3 t3nT3R D3 r39L3M3Nt3r l3 Zp4mM1N9 p4r v013 L391Zl4t1v3.  
 
 
 
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
Éric LABBE, "Le Spamming et son contrôle" (décembre 1997), http://www.droit.umontreal.ca/~labbee/
 
 
http://www.cusd.claremont.edu/~mrosenbl/spamcrate.gif
 
A+

n°58085
CHubaca
Couillon
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:29:43  profilanswer
 

eniac > il est un peu kon :lol:

n°58086
MEGABUG
FLOODEUR A LA RETRAITE:D
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:29:52  profilanswer
 

DDAAAAA   FFLLOOOOOOOOOODDDDD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!:D:D:D

n°58087
Pioupiou
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:30:05  profilanswer
 

CAI LA GUERRE MON GENERAL !!!! :gun:

n°58088
Eniac
Da Mourfis' King
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:30:30  profilanswer
 

c'est bon ;)


---------------
If you really want something, all the Universe conspires in helping you to achieve it.
n°58090
CHubaca
Couillon
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:30:47  profilanswer
 

:lol:  :lol:  :lol:

n°58091
supermec75
loading |||||... 60% done
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:30:48  profilanswer
 

SHWING       CHAPITEAU

n°58092
MEGABUG
FLOODEUR A LA RETRAITE:D
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:31:15  profilanswer
 

GARDE A VOUS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!:D

n°58093
Babouchka
You're no fun anymore
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:31:20  profilanswer
 

yaaaaaaaaaaaiissse !
 
A+

n°58094
MEGABUG
FLOODEUR A LA RETRAITE:D
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:31:54  profilanswer
 

JAI FAIS LA GUERRE MOA MONSIEUR!!!!:D:D:D
 
 
CARMAGEDDON RULEZZZZZZZZZZzzzzzzzzzz:D:D:D

n°58095
CHubaca
Couillon
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:32:06  profilanswer
 

yaisse.jpg ? :D

n°58096
MEGABUG
FLOODEUR A LA RETRAITE:D
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:32:09  profilanswer
 

JAI FAIS LA GUERRE MOA MONSIEUR!!!!:D:D:D
 
 
CARMAGEDDON RULEZZZZZZZZZZzzzzzzzzzz:D:D:D

n°58097
joce
Architecte / Développeur principal
"BugHunter"
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:32:19  profilanswer
 

Eniac a écrit a écrit :

STTTTTTTTTTTTTOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP[#FF0055]
 
mi temps de deux secondes que j'enlève ma propre notification :(
 
quel con je fait :)




Ba c pas super dramatique, tu recois qu'un seul mail si tu ne visites pas le topic ou si t'es pas online.
Par contre si t'es online, et tu recois tous les mails :lol:

n°58098
supermec75
loading |||||... 60% done
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:32:23  profilanswer
 

CAI LA FETE

n°58099
MEGABUG
FLOODEUR A LA RETRAITE:D
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:32:47  profilanswer
 

AU VILLAGE!!!!!!!!!:D

n°58100
supermec75
loading |||||... 60% done
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:33:39  profilanswer
 

LES PARENT LES N'ENFANT

n°58101
Babouchka
You're no fun anymore
Posté le 27-03-2001 à 20:33:53  profilanswer
 

POUET POUET !
 
A+

mood
Publicité
Posté le   profilanswer
 

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